【正文】 and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948。 smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 1020 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismith39。s bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 4954 in ( m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft ( m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere mands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two halfbushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and outlined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Men39。s disorder (a related condition in which the baby develops in an apparently normal manner through age five months, and then begins to lose municative and social interaction skills). There is also evidence of a higher proportion of perinatal plications (plications arising around the time of giving birth) among children with autistic symptoms. These plications include maternal bleeding after the first trimester and meconium in the amniotic fluid. (Meconium is a substance that accumulates in the bowel of the developing fetus and is discharged shortly after birth.) Some evidence suggests that the use of medications during pregnancy may be related to the development of autistic symptoms. As newborns, children with autistic behaviors show a higher rate of respiratory illness and anemia than healthy children. ALLERGIES, INFECTIONS, AND IMMUNIZATIONS. Some professionals believe that autistic disorders may be caused by allergies to particular fungi, viral infections, and various foods. No controlled studies have supported these beliefs, but some parents and professionals report improvement when allergens and/or certain foods are eliminated from the diet. Viral infections of the mother, such as rubella, or of the young child, such as encephalitis, mumps, and measles, occasionally appear to cause autistic disorders. The mon childhood immunization series known as MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) has recently e under scrutiny as a possible cause of some autistic can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Women39。在此，謹(jǐn)向?qū)煴硎境绺叩木匆夂椭孕牡母兄x！ 同時，感謝所有任課老師和同學(xué)在這四年來給自己的指導(dǎo)和幫助，是他們教會了我專業(yè)知識，教會了我如何學(xué)習(xí)，教會了我如何做人。中國作為占世界人口五分之一的發(fā)展中國家，如何全面建設(shè)小康社會，實現(xiàn)即定的第三步戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)，為人類做出較大貢獻，這是擺在我們面前的戰(zhàn)略任務(wù)。 我國中小企業(yè)融資難問題，是亟待解決的重要問題，對待中小企業(yè)融資困難這一傳統(tǒng)問題，我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)拘泥于傳統(tǒng)觀念的束縛，而應(yīng)當(dāng)以現(xiàn)代的觀點去分析它，不僅要從國家政策的角度加大傾斜力度，而且也要從企業(yè)自身的角度去尋找對策。通過資產(chǎn)換置及變現(xiàn)，部分銀行貸款得以回收。銀行對中小企業(yè)提供的從企業(yè)創(chuàng)辦、生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營、貸款回收全過程的金融服務(wù)，包括投資、項目選擇、融資擔(dān)保、財務(wù)管理、資金運作、市場營銷等。應(yīng)辯證地對待大、中、小企業(yè)關(guān)系，真正做到貸款行為準(zhǔn)則以效益為中心，步出以企業(yè)規(guī)模、所有制形式作為貸款依據(jù)的誤區(qū)。要采取市場化運作模式，如政府購買公共服務(wù)的方式，加強中小企業(yè)培訓(xùn)工作，提高其經(jīng)營水平和專業(yè)技能，加快培養(yǎng)一批具有戰(zhàn)略開拓能力和現(xiàn)代經(jīng)營管理水平的企業(yè)家隊伍，以及一批掌握高、精、尖技術(shù)的技工人才。行業(yè)組織應(yīng)該充分發(fā)揮政府助手的作用，加大對中小企業(yè)的幫扶力度，為中小企業(yè)的快速發(fā)展提供足夠的支持。建立健全中小企業(yè)信用擔(dān)保體系，積極探索推廣中小企業(yè)間聯(lián)保、互保制度。用立法的形式強化對中小企業(yè)融資服務(wù)體現(xiàn)了一個國家對中小企業(yè)發(fā)展的重視程度，如美國為扶持中小企業(yè)發(fā)展制定了《中小企業(yè)法》、《中小企業(yè)投資法》等一系列法律法規(guī)，西方其他國家也十分重視中小企業(yè)融資立法。中小企業(yè)在注重內(nèi)部積累的同時，應(yīng)當(dāng)設(shè)法從外部融資，即通過發(fā)行債券和股票的方式來融資。其次，不同發(fā)展階段中小企業(yè)選擇不同的融資方式。在確定最佳融資規(guī)模和 融資效率基礎(chǔ)上，中小企業(yè)在融資活動中還必須對各種融資方式進行分析和對比，從而選擇經(jīng)濟、可行的融資方式：首先，不同類型中小企業(yè)選擇不同的融資方式。堅持把增強創(chuàng)新能力和改造傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)合起來，加大技術(shù)改造力度，延伸傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)價值鏈，走新型工業(yè)化道路。大力發(fā)展循環(huán)經(jīng)濟，加快探索低碳、生態(tài)、集約化的新型工業(yè)發(fā)展模式，依靠科技進步和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新促進中小企業(yè)快速發(fā)展，引導(dǎo)中小企業(yè)走“精、特、新”的發(fā)展路子，實現(xiàn)資源的高效使用和循環(huán)利用，努力提高產(chǎn)出效益，實現(xiàn)中小企業(yè)由數(shù)量向質(zhì)量、由粗放向集約、由外延向內(nèi)涵 9385 85750102030405060708090100ICBC CCBC BC ABC CMBC UCC RCC CCB貸款數(shù)額（億元）中小企業(yè)融資現(xiàn)狀問題及對策 11 發(fā)展的轉(zhuǎn)變。缺乏對中小企業(yè)信貸需求的重視。這在資金的供給與需求之間形成了 一個很大的反差。 [10] 第二，銀行貸款偏向大戶。中小企業(yè)貸款難、尋保難與其資信等級不夠有關(guān)。加之商業(yè)銀行體制改革后權(quán)利上收， 以中小企業(yè)為放貸對象的基層銀行有責(zé)無權(quán)，有心無力；實行資產(chǎn)負(fù)債比例管理后，逐級下達“存貸比例”，使本來就少的貸款數(shù)量更為可憐，貸款供應(yīng)缺口加大。緊縮的貨幣政策使銀行的信貸額度正演變?yōu)樵絹碓较∪钡馁Y源，促使銀行采取“棄小保大”的經(jīng)營策略，增加了中小企業(yè)的財務(wù)負(fù)擔(dān)。在項目審批、產(chǎn)品鑒定、職稱評定等方面職責(zé)不清、多方插手、重復(fù)收費，“三亂”現(xiàn)象極為突出。此外，市場交易規(guī)則缺乏，市場秩序混亂，致使中小企業(yè)正常經(jīng)營困難重重。近年出臺的政策多是按照企業(yè)規(guī)模和所有制設(shè)計操作的，對大企業(yè)優(yōu)待多，中小企業(yè)考慮少；對公有制企業(yè)優(yōu)待多，對非公有制企業(yè)考慮少；中小企業(yè)融資現(xiàn)狀問題及對策 9 政策適用不夠公平。融資能力不足會對中小企業(yè)產(chǎn)生內(nèi)在融資制約，抑制其籌資投資行為的正常進行，圖 31對此進行了清楚地描述。而且中小企業(yè)內(nèi)部管理基礎(chǔ)較薄弱，產(chǎn)品比較單一，市場風(fēng)險很大，企業(yè)的市場風(fēng)險很容易轉(zhuǎn)變成企業(yè)的財務(wù)風(fēng)險，進而轉(zhuǎn)化為銀行的信貸風(fēng)險。加強中小企業(yè)管理工作，有利于提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，推動技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，增加經(jīng)濟效益，建中小企業(yè)融資現(xiàn)狀問題及對策 8 立節(jié)約型社會；有利于引導(dǎo)企業(yè)提高科學(xué)管理水平，規(guī)范化經(jīng)營，強化社會責(zé)任；有利于全面落實科學(xué)發(fā)展觀，促進國民經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展，實現(xiàn)全面建設(shè)小康社會的目標(biāo)?？傮w而言，現(xiàn)在中小企業(yè)存在著很多的問題：管理水平低，主要表現(xiàn)為管理理念落后、基礎(chǔ)管理薄弱、現(xiàn)場管理混亂、組織制度建設(shè)滯后、生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營粗放等等。落后技術(shù)、傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)多相當(dāng)一部分屬于淘汰和限制技術(shù)。我國中小企業(yè)經(jīng)過多年發(fā)展，中小企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營陷于困境，設(shè)備老化，冗員過多。另一方面也反映出中小企業(yè)由于金融壓抑所產(chǎn)生的金融脆弱性。 第四，與大企業(yè)相比，中小企業(yè)更加依賴企業(yè)之間的商業(yè)信用、設(shè)備租賃等來自非金融機構(gòu)的融資渠道以及民間的各種非正規(guī)金融渠道。 第二，在外源融資方式的選擇上，中小企業(yè)更加 依賴債務(wù)融資，極少選擇在公開市場發(fā)行股票、債券和其他證券。 我國中 小企業(yè)融資的特點 盡管目前社會資金相對充裕，但由于中小企業(yè)受