【正文】 s appeal and Podoloff39。s devotion to the set shot and encouraging a more open game. In consecutive years the center jump was eliminated after free throws and then after field goals, thus speeding up the game and allowing for more scoring. In 1938, Irish created the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in the Garden to determine a national champion. Although postseason tournaments had occurred before, the NIT was the first with major colleges from different regions and proved to be a great financial success. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) created its own postseason tournament in 1939 but did not rival the NIT in prestige for some time. The 1940s saw significant changes for college basketball. Players began using the jump shot after Kenny Sailors of Wyoming wowed the East with it in 1943. The behindtheback dribble and pass also appeared, as did exceptional big men. Bob Kurland at Oklahoma Aamp。 and two great black teams, the New York Renaissance Five and Abe Saperstein39。s original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first fiveman teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine s but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the s were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Noheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the twohand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more anized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics。 under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several women39。s game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the men39。 Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900。 the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the anization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players。s ball is in (7274 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, position, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by 5 rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the ball39。 區(qū)域教育評價的意義： 1．開展區(qū)域教育有利于完善教育評價理論，豐富其方法； 2．可以促進地方政府、各方力量重視教育，保證教育投入，改善辦學條件； 3．有利于區(qū)域教育各要素的統(tǒng)籌、協(xié)調(diào)和控制； 4．有助于發(fā)揮協(xié)作優(yōu)勢，進一步加快我國實現(xiàn)“雙 基”的進度。 42．學校管理工作評價有那些特點？ 學校管理工作評價的特點： 1．整體性； 2．全面性； 3．協(xié)同性； 4．主體多元性。課堂觀察是課堂聽課中的核心內(nèi)容，要做好全過程觀察和有重點觀察。 教師評價內(nèi)容可概括為教師素質(zhì)發(fā)展評價、教師教育教學行為評價和教師教育教學效果評價三個方面 34． 教師自我反思的主要途徑有那些？ 一是教學筆記二是反思日志三是交流討論四是調(diào)查研究五是通過理論文獻 35．學生評教在運用時應注意那些問題？ 第一，引導學生端正評價態(tài)度，構筑積極的師生關系?，F(xiàn)代教師評價強調(diào)在多樣化的教學背景中檢驗統(tǒng)一性標準適用性，在統(tǒng)一的標準與個性化之間取得平衡。提倡教師自我評價是突出教師主體地位的典型表現(xiàn)。教師要創(chuàng)造和諧的小組評價氛圍，注重良好人際關系的建立，通過評價，提高每個學生的自尊和自信。其次是合理設置評價問題和內(nèi)容。情感領域的目標分為接受（注意）、反應、價值評估、組織、由價值或價值復合體組成的性格化。 1．層次性和連續(xù)性； 2．主觀性與客觀性； 3．預期性和發(fā)展性； 4．基礎性與全面性。三是訪談者的訪談技巧和態(tài) 度等會影響調(diào)查結果。二是具有較強的可控性。 問卷調(diào)查法的局限 性：一是設計比較麻煩，二是回收率問題，回收率較低，會影響其代表性。 教育評價文獻信息的檢索途徑主要有題名途徑和著者途經(jīng)，方式主要有傳統(tǒng)的手工方式和計算機查詢，也叫電子文獻檢索。 19． 觀察法具有那些主要特征？ 觀察法的一般特征： 1．觀察的目的性與計劃性； 2．觀察的自然性和真實性； 3．觀察的重復性；4．觀察的能動性； 5．觀察的憑借性。 18． 簡要說明評價中被評者障礙心理產(chǎn)生的原因及其調(diào)控方法。第二，審核信息資料。 一是國家的經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展對教育的需要二是國家的教育方針政策和法規(guī)三是教育規(guī)律和人的心理活動規(guī)律四是從被評對象實際出發(fā)，實事求是五是評價主體的需要 12． 簡述教育評價實施的一般步