【正文】 M was almost seven feet tall and Gee Mikan at DePaul was six feet ten inches. While Kurland had perhaps the better college career and played in two Olympics, he chose not to play professional ball, whereas Mikan became the first dominant star in the pros. Their defensive play inspired the rule against goal tending (blocking a shot on its downward flight). Adolph Rupp, who played under Phog Allen, also coached the first of his many talented teams at Kentucky in that decade. However, in 1951, Rupp and six other coaches suffered through a pointshaving scandal that involved thirtytwo players at seven colleges and seriously injured college basketball, particularly in New York, where four of the seven schools were located. While the game survived, the NCAA moved its tournament away from Madison Square Garden to different cities each year and the NIT39。s Harlem Globetrotters, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the public39。 the Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum。s professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Women39。s game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably bee the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the women39。 and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948。 smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 1020 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismith39。s bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 4954 in ( m) when it is dropped ★兒童心理學(xué)★ 第 9 頁 共 10 頁 on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft ( m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere mands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two halfbushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and outlined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Men39。 請您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?！ 2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄 Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Women39。 幼兒園期間是高結(jié)構(gòu)化的教學(xué)比較重要還是低結(jié)構(gòu)化的游戲?qū)和l(fā)展更有利？談?wù)勀愕目捶āＭ瑫r，教師對兒童行為的反應(yīng)或評價，也會影響兒童在同伴中的聲望，進(jìn)而間接的影響兒童的同伴關(guān)系。 答：同伴的強(qiáng)化、示范及社會比較功能；同伴作為教師的角色 嘟嘟 5 歲了，是個聰明的孩子，他上課注意力集中，接受力 強(qiáng)，還認(rèn)識許多漢字，他還非常友好，喜歡幫助別的小朋友。在經(jīng)濟(jì)條件較好的家庭，父母更強(qiáng)調(diào)成就、創(chuàng)造及獨(dú)立性的培養(yǎng)，在管教子女時也更多地采用誘導(dǎo)式的紀(jì)律約束方式、溫暖開明的教養(yǎng)方式。 答：（ 1）父母自身的特點(diǎn)。 家庭成員間互動充分、情感交流深入，經(jīng)常有愛與相互接受的身體的、語言的溝通；（ 5） 情感卷入程度 高。 ★形成性考核冊★ 第 8 頁 共 10 頁 三、論述分析題 試說明在和諧健康的家庭中，家庭功能的特點(diǎn)。 試分析友誼對幼兒發(fā)展的影響。 試用巴頓對幼兒游戲行為的觀察簡述同伴交往行 為的發(fā)展。（ 2）父母教養(yǎng)行為有兩個維度：溫暖維度和控制維度。（ 3）家庭結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性。 答：（ 1）家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)收入。 答： 家庭實現(xiàn)其功能的過程 ，就是家庭功能的執(zhí)行過程，該過程 越順暢，家庭成員的身心健康狀況就越好 ； 這個過程不順暢 ， 就可能導(dǎo)致家庭成員出現(xiàn)各種心理問題以及家庭出現(xiàn)危機(jī)。 二、簡答題 簡述結(jié)果取向的家庭功能理論。 同伴與同伴互動 —— 同伴就是指兒童與之相處的、具有相同或相似社會認(rèn)知能力的人。兒童性別的社會化必須建立在性別概念的基礎(chǔ)上。 ★兒童心理學(xué)★ 第 7 頁 共 10 頁 （ 2）兒童性別角色的認(rèn)同來源于環(huán)境因素。試用父母教養(yǎng)方式與兒童氣質(zhì)的擬合模型說明這個案例。對此，豆豆的父母應(yīng)該進(jìn)行更多的積極評價：在孩子成功時進(jìn)行表揚(yáng)。 三、論述分析題 “豆豆 14 個月時會當(dāng)著很多大人和小孩的面，跟著‘小螺號’的調(diào)子開心地邊唱邊 跳，可是 24 個月時，他跳了幾步就會停下來，并且用手遮住臉”。對此，父母應(yīng)持保護(hù)性的態(tài)度，多給孩子一些理解和寬容，用各種策略引導(dǎo)孩子服從那些必須服從的規(guī)則，而對孩子們不違反規(guī)則的自我堅持，則給以鼓勵、接受和支持。 氣質(zhì)是相對穩(wěn)定的心理特征，但為什么兒童的氣質(zhì)也會表現(xiàn)出一定的不穩(wěn)定性？（ P160） 答：第一，氣質(zhì)本身會隨著年齡的發(fā)展而發(fā)展，早期的行為會被整合到新的更復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)中。 依戀與日后的發(fā)展有何關(guān)系？（ P153） 答：依戀是嬰幼兒最 早形成的人際關(guān)系，這種關(guān)系非常穩(wěn)定，對兒童發(fā)展的影響也非常深遠(yuǎn)。 答：（ 1）出生頭幾個月，照顧者調(diào)節(jié)著嬰兒情緒的覺醒狀態(tài)；（ 2） 6 個月左右，嬰兒對消極情緒的調(diào)節(jié)能力開始發(fā)展；（ 3） 1 歲以后，開始使用一些策略減少不愉快情緒；（ 4） 1824 個月，開始有意識地控制那些讓他們感到不舒服的人和物。（ 4）幼兒在 3 歲之前很難正確地命名圖片人物或木偶的表情，他們還是喜歡濫用“快樂”這個情緒標(biāo)簽。 簡述學(xué)前兒童情緒識別能力的發(fā)展。 自我控制 —— 指對優(yōu)勢反應(yīng)的抑制和對劣勢反應(yīng)的喚起。 情緒調(diào)節(jié) —— 是對情緒的內(nèi)部過程和外部行為表現(xiàn)所采取的監(jiān)控、調(diào)節(jié)，以適應(yīng)外界環(huán)境和人際關(guān)系需要的動力過程。 兒童心理學(xué)作業(yè) 4 （第 78 章） 一、概念題 移情 —— 指知覺到他人的情緒體驗，并產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的情緒反應(yīng)，也就是對他人情緒產(chǎn)生共感的反應(yīng)。 參見教材 P106， （ 1） 3 歲的幼兒已經(jīng)有了驚人的語言知識和能力。 三歲：我的方更大。 五歲：只能說大方，沒有人說小方。 參見 P79 習(xí)慣化與去習(xí)慣化的內(nèi)容。以某種不同的結(jié)構(gòu)重新闡述兒童的話語；（ 3）澄清問題。 答：詞義的過度擴(kuò)張，即兒童擴(kuò)大了單詞的外延和使用范圍（媽媽的奶，牛奶）；詞義的過度縮小，是指兒童過于狹隘的使用某一詞匯，縮小了單詞所代 表的概念的內(nèi)涵（爺爺）；過度規(guī)則化的現(xiàn)象，如“我大方，你小方”。 處于前運(yùn)算階段的幼兒思維有什么特點(diǎn)？ 答：特點(diǎn)為自我中心性、前概念性、泛靈論、直覺思維、分類能力。例如：嬰兒拿到什么東西都放在嘴里，這是因為他們把這些東西同化到了吸吮格式中，這就是同化。 媽媽語 :養(yǎng)育者與幼兒說的話，有許多有趣的特征，這些特征具有跨文化的一致性，被稱為“媽媽語”。這是最先出現(xiàn)的智力結(jié)構(gòu)，包括抓 握、拋擲、吸吮、咬、敲擊和踢等。 視覺懸崖實驗 :吉布森等人精心設(shè)計了一種裝置 —— 視覺懸崖來研究嬰兒的深