【正文】 通過地板的開口應(yīng)與防火填充材料，容易去除，以防止火災(zāi)和煙霧樓層之間 的傳播。 特大型或備用水道，電纜，母線槽，和設(shè)備的使用電布線系統(tǒng)的靈活性增強(qiáng)。這方面的考慮，尤其重要的是越來越多地使用電子 設(shè)備和空調(diào)的商業(yè)建筑。在其他情況下，設(shè)計(jì)師可能會奠定了基本制度，并作為租戶需求的開發(fā)，填補(bǔ)細(xì)節(jié)。 靈活性意味著電力系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展和壯大，以及變化的適應(yīng)性，以滿足不同的要求， 在建筑物的使用壽命。例如，家具和電動馬達(dá)和馬達(dá)控制器連接，可覆蓋在規(guī)格的機(jī)械部分。 當(dāng)?shù)爻邪掏ǔＪ鞘煜ぎ?dāng)?shù)胤詈凸ぷ饕?guī)則和避免陷阱是可以有很大的幫助。更多的時候，電氣工程師將直接與整體設(shè)計(jì)活動，通常是建筑師，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的協(xié)調(diào) 。美觀的考慮可能會在設(shè)備選型中發(fā)揮了重要作用，尤其是照明設(shè)備。 電氣設(shè)備通常占有總建筑空間的比例相對較小，在設(shè)計(jì)上，它可能是更容易比 電氣機(jī)械領(lǐng)域或結(jié)構(gòu)元素服務(wù)領(lǐng)域發(fā)生改變。服務(wù)，饋線和分支電路 ，需要足夠的打斷能力。 人員的安全， 可分為兩類： 1）為維護(hù)和操作人員的安全 2）為廣大市民的安全 維護(hù)和操作人員的安全是通過適當(dāng)?shù)脑O(shè)計(jì)和設(shè)備選型方面來完成，鑰匙環(huán)環(huán)相扣，斷路器和熔斷器分?jǐn)嗄芰?，使用高速的故障檢測和電路開啟裝置，間隙，接地方法和設(shè)備識別。因?yàn)槭忻袢胱?，通途，都會占用密度高的商業(yè)大廈。 盡管在各種各樣的商業(yè)，住宅和機(jī)構(gòu)的建筑物，一些電氣設(shè)計(jì)元素共同所有。它包括辦公和公寓樓，賓館，學(xué)校，教堂，海洋，航空，鐵路，巴士站，百貨公司，零售商店，政府大樓，醫(yī)院，養(yǎng)老院，精神和懲教機(jī)構(gòu)，影劇院，體育場館，以及其他直接服務(wù)市民的建筑物。它也可以是一個負(fù)責(zé)所有商業(yè)樓宇電氣設(shè)計(jì)工程師的援助。和電能管理。照明 ?？刂破?。 however, it can direct the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references for mercial buildings and act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and practices published by the IEEE, other professional associations, and governmental bodies. Keywords: Commercial buildings, electric power systems, load characteristics 1. Introduction Scope This remended practice will probably be of greatest value to the power oriented engineer with limited mercial building experience. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of mercial buildings. However, it is not intended as a replacement for the many excellent engineering texts and handbooks monly in use, nor is it detailed enough to be a design manual. It should be considered a guide and general reference on electrical design for mercial buildings. Commercial Buildings The term “mercial, residential, and institutional buildings” as used in this chapter, enpasses all buildings other than industrial buildings and private dwellings. It includes office and apartment buildings, hotels, schools, and churches, marine, air, railway, and bus terminals, department stores, retail shops, governmental buildings, hospitals, nursing homes, mental and correctional institutions, theaters, sports arenas, and other buildings serving the public directly. Buildings, or parts of buildings, within industrial plexes, which are used as offices or medical facilities or for similar nonindustrial purposes, fall within the scope of this remended practice. Today’s mercial buildings, because of their increasing size and plexity, have bee more and more dependent upon adequate and reliable electric systems. One can better understand the plex nature of modern mercial buildings by examining the systems, equipment, and facilities listed in . Electrical Design Elements In spite of the wide variety of mercial, residential, and institutional buildings, some electrical design elements are mon to all. These elements, listed below, will be discussed generally in this section and in detail in the remaining sections of this remended practice. The principal design elements considered in the design of the power, lighting, and auxiliary systems include: 1) Magnitudes, quality, characteristics, demand, and coincidence or diversity of loads and load factors 2) Service,