【正文】 3. 這是因為工人家屬與父母有相似的生活方式。所有這些 地區(qū)無論是現(xiàn)在或未來都 不 可能實現(xiàn)農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn) 。 第二類地區(qū)主要位于中國的內(nèi)陸 ,主要包括長江流域 ,四川盆地、渭河流域 , 黃河流域、淮河流域、海河流域 ,福建和廣東沿海。第一類地區(qū)包括長江三角洲平原 ,珠江三角洲 , 山東半島東部、和北京 天津 唐山地區(qū)。但在這些 非農(nóng)業(yè)活動發(fā)生的地方 ,小城鎮(zhèn) 沒有得到發(fā)展，盡管農(nóng)村居民的工作已經(jīng)發(fā)生了改變，但是他們還是沒轉(zhuǎn)變成為城市居民。因此 ,農(nóng)村工業(yè)化必須依靠便利的交通 ,有效的市場體系 ,高品質(zhì)的勞動力以及與城市緊密的合作。沒有農(nóng)村工業(yè)化，農(nóng)村地區(qū)要發(fā)展就必須依靠副業(yè)部門和第三部門。 四、 農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化對其他地區(qū)的適用性 無錫、江陰近年來的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r表明農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化適用于這些鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)。另一方面 ,隨著 農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化 的 加速 發(fā)展 ,一些鄉(xiāng) 鎮(zhèn)可能會變成 小城鎮(zhèn) 隨后變成小城市 。 農(nóng)村人口 直接 向大城市的 轉(zhuǎn)移超出了 農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化的 范圍 。 整個過程可能 會 需要較長時間 來 完成。越多的人轉(zhuǎn)移 ,小城鎮(zhèn)的發(fā)展 速度就會越快。因此轉(zhuǎn)向更高水平的人數(shù)增加將是未來農(nóng)村城 鎮(zhèn) 化的一項重要指標(biāo)。隨著農(nóng)村剩 余勞動力銳減 ,農(nóng)村勞動力未來向非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)部門轉(zhuǎn)移 ,主要涉及到新增的勞動力。盡管這些都是短暫的特征，這些地區(qū)的農(nóng)村城 鎮(zhèn) 化發(fā)展迅速 ,顯示著它適應(yīng)了當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟(jì)與社會并與之融為一體。 不 僅 人口遷移 是 不完 全 的 ,就連作為主要產(chǎn)業(yè)集群所在地的 鄉(xiāng) 鎮(zhèn)也是不完全的。 1978 年 以 后 ,農(nóng)村聚落繼續(xù) 發(fā)展，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)迅速發(fā)展然而村莊卻 衰落 了。 （四） 小城鎮(zhèn)在城 鎮(zhèn) 化中的重要作用 鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)行政管理 (鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn) )作為農(nóng)村人口和農(nóng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)中心起著重要的作用。盡管 1978 年以來城市建設(shè)投資急劇增長，但這 仍然不能滿足農(nóng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展 的需求 。 工業(yè)與小城鎮(zhèn)發(fā)展 之間不協(xié)調(diào) 。從全球范圍來看 ,最典型的城鎮(zhèn)化超過工業(yè)化 的是在 是拉丁美洲 ， 那里城鎮(zhèn)化水平很高但工業(yè)發(fā)展 始終遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn) 落后。 （三） 城 鎮(zhèn) 化滯后于工業(yè)化 城鎮(zhèn)化和工業(yè)化是相互依存的。這分散和平衡 的 城市化反過來使得整個地區(qū)成為一 個 城市地區(qū)。轉(zhuǎn)移人口 似乎已 經(jīng) 滿 足于最初的轉(zhuǎn)移，而不愿再次改變現(xiàn)狀。通過 此次轉(zhuǎn)移， 農(nóng)村人口完全轉(zhuǎn)化為城市人口。第二 層次人員 的轉(zhuǎn)移 趨勢對小城鎮(zhèn)的發(fā)展是有利的。 如果其家屬 [3]都包括在內(nèi) 的話 ,將 達(dá)到 35 萬人或 占人口總數(shù)的 %。 農(nóng) 民 不離 開 他們的村莊 ， 居住 地 和工作 地都 在 農(nóng)村 ,但是他們大部分的工作時間 用于 非農(nóng)業(yè)活動。詳細(xì)審查農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展 ,可以總結(jié)出四 大特點 。農(nóng)村工業(yè)雇傭這些 剩 余 勞動力 ， 農(nóng)村工業(yè)化和城市化 也就開始了 。 本文旨在 充分了解 目前江蘇省的無錫、江陰兩縣農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化過程。 這種動力來源于上級 ，表現(xiàn)為自上而下的過程 。 這時期出現(xiàn)的主要作品有張（ 1990）、 格里芬 (1984)、 姚和吳 (1988)、 Yeh(1995)。對農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展的四大特點進(jìn)行了分析 ： 即城鄉(xiāng) 人口 的 多級轉(zhuǎn)移 、分散的空間格局、城 鎮(zhèn)化滯后于工業(yè)化、小城鎮(zhèn)在城 鎮(zhèn) 化中的重要作用。 and rural migrants in regional cities will gradually increase. Keywords China Rural economy Urban economy 1 Introduction Rural urbanization in China has been discussed hotly by many scholars after the 1980s. William (1990) has reviewed most studies dealing with the broader subject of rural urbanization including rural industry. The main fulllength works that emerged from this period were Chang (1990), Griffin (1984), Yao and Wu (1988) and Yeh (1995). Despite the considerable volume of past and ongoing research on rural urbanization, until recently few studies had concentrated specifically on the micro scale rural urbanization process. The process of rural urbanization can be generally understood as the transformation of a rural area into an urban one. Its main idea is transferring the population’s status from a rural into an urban one. The motive power of urbanization can be divided into two types: one es from cities, or rather, from the diffusion of urban industry to outside areas and the construction of stateowned enterprises and key projects. In this case, the motivating power es from above, and the process of urbanization is characterized by a development from the top down. The other type of power stems from the countryside, . the socioeconomic development of rural areas, and its local industry[1]. This process es from the bottom, represented by gradual development. In the course of rural urbanization, the agricultural nature of the region is declining, being replaced by urban features until gradually turning into an urban area. This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the present process of rural urbanization taking place in Wuxi and Jiangyin, two counties in China’s most developed area of Southern Jiangsu Province. Specifically, it tries to define the micro socioeconomic characteristics of ongoing rural urbanization. 2 Characteristics of rural urbanization in Wuxi and Jiangyin The rural urbanization process can be traced back to the 1960s, when the people’s munes began building factories to support their agricultural activities. As agricultural productivity increased, due to the restriction of rural urban migration, a surplus labor force was formed in the rural areas. Rural industries emerged to employ this surplus labor in the countryside, and rural industrialization and urbanization thus began. The process started slowly。 dispersed spatial pattern。 urbanization lagging behind industrial development。 it accelerated with the mencement of reforms and the open door policy in 1979. By 1996, rural industries were already producing over 95 percent of the gross value of the industrial and agricultural output, employing 60 percent of the labor force in the rural areas. Towns prospered and the ruralurban ine ratio reached a balance. On a closer examination of rural urbanization, four characteristics may be observed. Multilevel transfer of rural population into urban population The transfer of rural population into urban population is the major theme of urbanization. During the process of rural urbanization in Wuxi and Jiangyin, there were a number of transferforms, as the peasants could not bee urban people simply by leaving the countryside[2] (see Table I). Table I. Three levels of rural urbanization Subject Rural people Level First level Second level Third level (urban people) Occupation Agriculture Nonagriculture (village industry) Nonagriculture (township industry) Nonagriculture Workplace Rural Rural Town Town and city Residence place Rural Rural Rural Town and city Linkage with agriculture Strong Weak Degree of transfer to urban people Low High Transfer cost (RMB/person) a 1,800 3,000 10,000 Activity space Within village Within village Within town Within town or city Population (in thousands)b 1,000 350 450 245 Notes:a figures of 1986 b figures of 1986 Source: Information from fieldwork First, rural people were employed by nonagricultural enterprises, usually run by the village collective or the individual peasant household, near their homes. Rural people did not leave their village. Both places of residence and work were in the village, but most of their working time was devoted to nonagricultural activities. Thro