【正文】
維護(hù)的費(fèi)用和初期的研制費(fèi)用差不多,甚至更高。 維護(hù) 系統(tǒng)交付以后,維護(hù)就開始了。本系統(tǒng)包括兩個(gè)程序、若干臺(tái)設(shè)備和大量的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)。處理可直接訪問的數(shù)據(jù)的程序和處理可按順序一個(gè)接一個(gè)訪問的數(shù)據(jù)的程序是不同的。 我們的貨單系統(tǒng)有二個(gè)程序,一個(gè)事務(wù)處理,直接存取貨單文件似乎是個(gè)合適的方案;另一個(gè)為經(jīng)營部門偶爾分析貨物清單數(shù)據(jù)用,當(dāng)然批處理就能完成了。例如,設(shè)想一個(gè)防空預(yù)警系統(tǒng),如果一個(gè)不明的飛行物被標(biāo)定了位置,就必須立即分辨它。 如何組織文件呢?這取決于如何訪問它。一個(gè)好的系統(tǒng)分析員在他選定一個(gè)方案之前要研究出若干個(gè)可行的方案,以備替換。最后,貨物清單文件由一個(gè) Report and reorder(報(bào)告和訂貨)程序處理。在該階段上,對(duì)寫代碼或確定精確的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)并不感興趣,而是希望從整體上確定整個(gè)系統(tǒng)所需要的程序、文件、過程和其它一些部分。最終,這些有用的工具為下一步設(shè)計(jì)階段,奠定了一個(gè)良好的基礎(chǔ)。這些工具為記錄用戶系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵信息提供了一種格式。因?yàn)橄到y(tǒng)是由用戶提出的,所以首先要確定用戶的需求。 為了記錄數(shù)據(jù)元素,分析員必須把每個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)列在數(shù)據(jù)字典內(nèi)簡單的數(shù)據(jù)字典可建立在索引卡片上,但計(jì)算機(jī)化的數(shù)據(jù)字典已經(jīng)變得日益流行了。數(shù)據(jù)從 STOCK 流入 Generate reorder,因此商品說明和訂貨數(shù)量必定存放在 STOCK 中。 12 圖 2 數(shù)據(jù)流程圖描述了邏輯系統(tǒng)。 STOCK 保存貨單中每項(xiàng)商品的數(shù)據(jù).為了對(duì)新的事務(wù)處理起作用,事務(wù)處理程序要改變數(shù)據(jù)。數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)可以是磁盤文件、磁帶文件、數(shù)據(jù)庫、一些筆記或者甚至是人的記憶。 11 圖 1 已知了系統(tǒng)的基本功能,分析員的下一個(gè)任務(wù)是分析理解這些功能之間邏輯關(guān)系的知識(shí)。 從系統(tǒng)的基本功能入手,關(guān)鍵是始終監(jiān)視貨單中每種商品的現(xiàn)存量。 分析 分析開始時(shí),分析員要理解問題, 下一步要決定的是為了解決問題必須做什么。此時(shí)是在時(shí)間、金錢和精力被浪費(fèi)之前抓出錯(cuò)誤和疏漏的好時(shí)機(jī)。在該階段上,分析員不必考慮程序、文件或計(jì)算機(jī)硬件,但他們必須用自己的專業(yè)術(shù)語與用戶對(duì)話。遺憾的是商店要經(jīng)管幾百種不同的貨物,始終跟蹤每一種貨物的銷售情況是不實(shí)際的,也許計(jì)算機(jī)可以幫這個(gè)忙吧! 問題定義 在系統(tǒng)分析和設(shè)計(jì)過程中的第一步,是問題的定義。一方面庫存太多會(huì)造成不必要的開銷;另一方面可供挑選的商品太少會(huì)使顧客失去購買的信心。 像工程師或建筑師一樣,系統(tǒng)分析員把他扎實(shí)的技術(shù)技能與知識(shí)、想象力和一點(diǎn)藝術(shù)結(jié)合起來去解決問題.通常,分析員遵循一個(gè)意義明確的有條理的過程,至少應(yīng)包括以下幾個(gè)步驟: 1.問題的定義 2.分析 3.設(shè)計(jì) 4.實(shí)現(xiàn) 5.維護(hù) 在每一步驟的結(jié)尾,研究的結(jié)果都要形成文件,提供給用戶和程序設(shè)計(jì)員。麻煩的是。注意,程序只是系統(tǒng)中的一部分。例如,考慮一個(gè)工資系統(tǒng),它的目標(biāo)是為雇員付工資,應(yīng)包含哪幾部分呢?每天雇員們把他們工作的時(shí)數(shù)記錄在計(jì)時(shí)卡片上,每周末把計(jì)時(shí)卡片收集起來,送給計(jì)算中心,在計(jì)算中心把計(jì)時(shí)卡片上的數(shù)據(jù)讀給工資程序。 for example, if the government passes a low changing the procedure for collecting ine taxes, the payroll program must be modified. Maintenance continues for the life of a system, and its cost can easily match or exceed the original development cost. Good planning, solid documentation, and wellstructured programs can help to minimize maintenance cost. 9 附錄 2 外文翻譯 (譯文 ) 系統(tǒng)的分析與設(shè)計(jì) 在存儲(chǔ)程序的控制下,計(jì)算機(jī)把數(shù)據(jù)處理成信息。s when the air defense program is run is absurd. Instead, because of the need for quick response, each transaction must be processed as it occurs. Generally such transaction processing systems call for direct access file. Our inventory system has two programs. One processes transactions. A direct access inventory file seems a reasonable choice. The other allows management to study inventory data occasionally。s focus on one option and document it. A system flowchart uses symbols to represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other ponents of a physical system (Fig. 3). Our flowchart (.Fig. 4) shows that transaction data enter the system through a terminal, are processed by a data collection program, and then are stored on an inventory file. Eventually, the inventory file is processed by a Report and reorder program. Through it, management manipulates the data and authorizes reorders. 6 Fig. 4 on a system flowchart, symbols represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other ponents of a physical system. Fig 3 Look at the system flowchart. It identifies several hardware ponents, including a puter, a disk drive, a data entry terminal, a printer, and a display terminal. Two programs are needed。 instead, we want to identify, at a black box level, necessary programs, files, procedures, and other ponents. The data flow diagram defines the system39。s needs. Users think in terms of functions and data. They do not visualize programs, or files, or hardware .and during this initial, crucial analysis stage it is essential that the analyst think like a user, not like a programmer. Data flow diagrams and data dictionaries are useful tools. They provide a format for recording key information about the proposed system. Also, they jog the analyst39。s memory. 4 Finally, data flow between sources, destinations, processes, end data stores over data flows, which are represented by arrows. Fig 2 Figure 2 shows a preliminary data flow diagram for the inventory system. Start with CUSTOMER. Transactions flow fr