【導(dǎo)讀】電大《學(xué)校管理》期末復(fù)習(xí)試題題庫(kù)。A、調(diào)查的目的和對(duì)象。B、調(diào)查的時(shí)間地點(diǎn)和事實(shí)真象。C、調(diào)查的組織和準(zhǔn)備。D、調(diào)查的社會(huì)背景和意義。E、調(diào)查的方法和過(guò)程。一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，具體體現(xiàn)為：（B、C、D、A、上級(jí)與下級(jí)關(guān)系。B、全局與局部關(guān)系。D、同時(shí)性的左右關(guān)系。F、當(dāng)前與長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的關(guān)系。A、明確的針對(duì)性。C、范圍的無(wú)限性。D、表述的敘事論理性。A、“兩段式”結(jié)構(gòu)。E、基本情況加建議和設(shè)想模式。A、訂好聽(tīng)課計(jì)劃。D、組織機(jī)構(gòu)失衡。B、增強(qiáng)友誼，密切合作，防止出現(xiàn)隔。C、化解矛盾，增進(jìn)團(tuán)結(jié)，增強(qiáng)組織凝。業(yè)批改、考試等的管理規(guī)定。A、職能制結(jié)構(gòu)B、扁平結(jié)構(gòu)C、直

　　

【正文】 等。第四，備好聽(tīng)課（筆記）。 6會(huì)議從不同角度可劃分出多種不同的類(lèi)型，依會(huì)議（內(nèi)容）性質(zhì)來(lái)劃分，有決策性會(huì)、學(xué)術(shù)性會(huì)、部署性（或計(jì)劃安排性）會(huì)、（總結(jié)）表彰性會(huì)、（禮儀）性會(huì)等。 70、就會(huì)議信息傳輸?shù)姆绞胶吞攸c(diǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)，其開(kāi)法主要有：?jiǎn)蜗騻鬏敺?、（雙向）交流法、多向交流法；從組織辦法看可分為：限時(shí)（表決）法、典型引導(dǎo)法、限定（提前）法、統(tǒng)分結(jié)合法等。 7溝通與（協(xié)調(diào)）的原則包括：平等公正、（誠(chéng)實(shí)守信）、（主動(dòng)及時(shí)）和求同存異。 7學(xué)校管理中常見(jiàn)的一些障礙領(lǐng)導(dǎo)溝通的因素包括：目標(biāo)不清；（信息失真 ）；缺乏反饋；領(lǐng)導(dǎo)素質(zhì)缺陷。在常見(jiàn)的學(xué)校領(lǐng)導(dǎo)協(xié)調(diào)工作中，存在下述幾個(gè)方面的障礙因素：（信任危機(jī)）；（組織機(jī)構(gòu)）失衡；潛在沖突；領(lǐng)導(dǎo)（權(quán)限）制約。 7平級(jí)溝通與協(xié)調(diào)要有（整體）意識(shí)和（長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)）眼光，在學(xué)校內(nèi)部反對(duì)斤斤計(jì)較和本位主義的做法。 7現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)是以（網(wǎng)絡(luò)）化的計(jì)算機(jī)（通信）技術(shù)為核心的集信息采集、儲(chǔ)存、加工、生產(chǎn)與傳播和使用為一體的一系列的技術(shù)手段和方法是一門(mén)范圍廣闊、內(nèi)容高度綜合的新興科技領(lǐng)域?，F(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)是（計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)）、微電子技術(shù)和遠(yuǎn)程通信技術(shù)相互結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物。在信息處理的過(guò)程中，具有越來(lái) 越多彩的文本、圖形、聲音和動(dòng)態(tài)視頻等格式轉(zhuǎn)換的特點(diǎn)。 7信息處理品（智能）化、多媒體技術(shù)的（實(shí)用）化和網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信與應(yīng)用的普及化，是現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)的三大發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。 7現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)在學(xué)校教育中的應(yīng)用具體表現(xiàn)在（教學(xué)）和管理兩個(gè)方面。 7現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)在學(xué)校管理中的應(yīng)用：運(yùn)用計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)處理學(xué)校工作的有關(guān)信息，實(shí)惠學(xué)校管理的（無(wú)紙）化辦公，是在學(xué)校管理中運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)的基本要求；組織啟用校長(zhǎng)管理的辦公系統(tǒng)，強(qiáng)化有關(guān)決策指揮的（信息）管理，是在學(xué)校管理中運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)的關(guān)鍵學(xué)校管理信息系統(tǒng)的（網(wǎng)絡(luò)化），是現(xiàn)代 信息技術(shù)在學(xué)校管理中應(yīng)用的技術(shù)核心。網(wǎng)絡(luò)化是（信息技術(shù)）的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，也是（計(jì)算機(jī)）文化的基本特征。 7技術(shù)設(shè)施、（人員）素質(zhì)、資金狀況和管理水平等諸多因素都不同程度地制約著現(xiàn)代教育技術(shù)（資源）的配置。所謂合理配置教育資源，就是要求瞄準(zhǔn)學(xué)校運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向，做到與學(xué)校的（現(xiàn)實(shí)）相適應(yīng)，既要充分發(fā)揮現(xiàn)有技術(shù)的效用，又要有利于促進(jìn)整體水平的發(fā)展提高，避免（盲目建設(shè)），片面追求技術(shù)設(shè)備規(guī)模和（檔次）水平。 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?！ 2021年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全 ，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the ‘effector’ cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and nonnerve cells. This process is termed ‘chemical neurotransmission’ and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as ‘cholinergic’. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the socalled motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a mand is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds。 an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for reuptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nervetonerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on nonvoluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells。 in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nervetonerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In postsynaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the plex of receptor bined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as ‘nicotinic’。 in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are ‘muscarinic’。 and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and bees packaged into membranebound vesicles . After the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft . For the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate a receptor protein. There are two main