【正文】 t.)? 假設 SupposethatPC=$12/kgandPW=$12/L? Sincedomesticworkersspecializeincheeseproductionaftertrade,theirhourlywageswillbe? 本國專門生產(chǎn)奶酪(1/aLC)PC=(1/1)$12=$12? Sinceforeignworkersspecializeinwineproductionaftertrade,theirhourlywageswillbe? 外國專門生產(chǎn)葡萄酒 (1/a*LW)PW=(1/3)$12=$4? Therelativewageofdomesticworkersistherefore? 相對工資水平： $12/$4=377Copyright 169。 2024 Pearson AddisonWesley. All rights reserved.對比較優(yōu)勢的誤解 Misconceptions About Comparative Advantage1. Freetradeisbeneficialonlyifacountryismoreproductivethanforeigncountries. 自由貿(mào)易更有利于（惠及）生產(chǎn)力高的國家? But even an unproductive country benefits from free trade by avoiding the high costs for goods that it would otherwise have to produce domestically.? High costs derive from inefficient use of resources.? The benefits of free trade do not depend on absolute advantage， rather they depend on parative advantage： specializing in industries that use resources most efficiently.78Copyright 169。 2024 Pearson AddisonWesley. All rights reserved.對比較優(yōu)勢的誤解 Misconceptions About Comparative Advantage (cont.)2. Free trade with countries that pay low wages hurts high wage countries. 貧民勞動論 pauperlaborargument與廉價勞動力國家的自由貿(mào)易會損害高工資的國家168。 While trade may reduce wages for some workers, thereby affecting the distribution of ine within a country, trade benefits consumers and other workers.168。 Consumers benefit because they can purchase goods more cheaply.168。 Producers/workers benefit by earning a higher ine in the industries that use resources more efficiently, allowing them to earn higher prices and wages.79Copyright 169。 2024 Pearson AddisonWesley. All rights reserved.對比較優(yōu)勢的誤解 Misconceptions About Comparative Advantage (cont.)3. Free trade exploits less productive countries. 自由貿(mào)易剝削勞動生產(chǎn)率低的國家，惡化其福利168。 While labor standards in some countries are less than exemplary pared to Western standards, they are so with or without trade.168。 Are high wages and safe labor practices alternatives to trade? Deeper poverty and exploitation (ex., involuntary prostitution) may result without export production.168。 Consumers benefit from free trade by having access to cheaply (efficiently) produced goods. 168。 Producers/workers benefit from having higher profits/wages—higher pared to the alternative.80Copyright 169。 2024 Pearson AddisonWesley. All rights reserved.工資是否反映生產(chǎn)力？ProductivityandWagesSource:International Labor Organization, World Bank, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and Orley Ashenfelter and Stepan Jurajda, “Crosscountry Comparisons of Wage Rates,” working paper, Princeton University81Copyright 169。 2024 Pearson AddisonWesley. All rights reserved.? 模型的建立168。 SupposenowthereareNgoodsproduced,indexedbyi = 1,2,…N168。 Thedomesticcountry’sunitlaborrequirementforgoodiisaLi,andthatoftheforeigncountryisa*Li 168。假定兩個國家都能生產(chǎn)許多種（ N種 )不同的產(chǎn)品? 相對工資和專業(yè)分工168。貿(mào)易模式取決于本國和外國的工資比率 168。商品總是在成本最低的地方生產(chǎn)。? 例如 ,如果 waLiw*a*Li那么在國內(nèi)生產(chǎn) I產(chǎn)品將會更便宜 ,或者換種表達方式是 a*Li/aLiw/w*.多種產(chǎn)品模型的比較優(yōu)勢 Comparative Advantage With Many Goods82Copyright 169。 2024 Pearson AddisonWesley. All rights reserved.多種產(chǎn)品模型的比較優(yōu)勢 Comparative Advantage With Many Goods表 34:本國和外國單位產(chǎn)品勞動投入Caviar：魚子醬 [39。k230。viɑ:] Dates：大棗、棗子Enchiladas:烤餅（玉米餡肉餅） [,ent?i39。lɑ:d?z]83Copyright 169。 2024 Pearson AddisonWesley. All rights reserved.? 哪個國家生產(chǎn)哪種商品 ?168。對一個國家來說，相對生產(chǎn)率高于相對工資率的產(chǎn)品具有成本優(yōu)勢。? 例如，如果 w/w*=3,本國將會生產(chǎn)蘋果、香蕉、魚子醬，外國只會生產(chǎn)棗和烤餅。? 兩國都會從這種分工中受益多種產(chǎn)品模型的比較優(yōu)勢 Comparative Advantage With Many Goods84Copyright 169。 2024 Pearson AddisonWesley. All rights reserved.? 多種產(chǎn)品模型中相對工資的確定168。要確定在多種產(chǎn)品經(jīng)濟中的相對工資，我們必須根據(jù)產(chǎn)品的相對需求來推知隱含的對勞動的相對需求 (例如 ,相對派生需求 )。168。本國勞動力的相對需求相對依賴于本國對外國的工資率。多種產(chǎn)品模型的比較優(yōu)勢 Comparative Advantage With Many Goods85Copyright 169。 2024 Pearson AddisonWesley. All rights reserved.310蘋果8 香蕉4 魚子醬2棗烤餅RD多種產(chǎn)品模型的比較優(yōu)勢 Comparative Advantage With Many Goods表 25:相對工資的確定RS相對工資率 ,w/w*相對勞動量 ,L/L*86Copyright 169。 2024 Pearson AddisonWesley. All rights reserved.作業(yè)題 2： ★? 假設在自給自足條件下，本國和外國都能夠根據(jù)下表的單位產(chǎn)品的勞動投入生產(chǎn)和消費下列四種產(chǎn)品。產(chǎn)品 本國單位產(chǎn)品的勞動投入外國單位產(chǎn)品的勞動投入A 1 12B 2 18C 4 24D 15 3087Copyright 169。 2024 Pearson AddisonWesley. All rights reserved.作業(yè)題 2： ★? 問：? 本國在哪種產(chǎn)品上相對勞動生產(chǎn)率優(yōu)勢最大？本國在那種產(chǎn)品上的相對勞動生產(chǎn)率優(yōu)勢最?。? 如果本國工資率是外國工資率的 8倍，本國將生產(chǎn)哪種產(chǎn)品？外國將生產(chǎn)哪種產(chǎn)品？? 描述這種專業(yè)化的生產(chǎn)模式，以及進而導致的貿(mào)易模式是如何使兩國都獲益的。? 如果相對工資率是 w/w*=6,兩國間的專業(yè)分工模式和貿(mào)易模式會改變嗎？新模式是怎樣的？? 討論：現(xiàn)實中，為什么專業(yè)分工不像對以上問2那樣極端。88Copyright 169。 2024 Pearson AddisonWesley. All rights reserved.運輸成本和非貿(mào)易產(chǎn)品Transportation Costs and Nontraded Goods? The Ricardian model predicts that countries should pletely specialize in production. But this rarely happens for primarily three reasons:? 專業(yè)分工不是李嘉圖假設的極端，有三個原因 :1. More than one factor of production reduces the tendency of specialization (chapter 4) 生產(chǎn)中多種要素的存在 .2. Protectionism (chapters 8–11) 針對外來競爭保護民族產(chǎn)業(yè)3. Transportation costs reduce or prevent trade, which may cause each country to produce the same good or service有時候產(chǎn)品和服務的運費昂貴89Copyright 169。 2024 Pearson AddisonWesley. All rights reserved.運輸成本和非貿(mào)易產(chǎn)品 Transportation Costs and Nontraded Goods (cont.)? Nontradedgoodsandservices(ex.,haircutsandautorepairs)existduetohightransportationcosts.? 運費的存在會阻礙某些產(chǎn)品的貿(mào)易，某些情況下，高運費運費基本上使得有些服務成為非貿(mào)易品。? 例如 :理發(fā)，汽修等服務行業(yè)不可能進行國際貿(mào)易 .168。 Countriestendtospendalargefractionofnationalineonnontradedgoodsandservices.168。 Thisfacthasimplicationsforthegravitymodelandformodelsthatconsiderhowinetransfersacrosscountriesaffecttrade.90Copyright 169。 2024 Pearson AddisonWesley. All rights reserved.實證分析 Empirical Evidence? Do countries export those goods in which their productivity is relatively high?? 一國出口相對生產(chǎn)率高的產(chǎn)品？? The ratio of . to British exports in 1951 pared to the ratio of . to British labor productivity in 26 manufacturing industries suggests yes. ? 1951數(shù)據(jù)表明毋庸置疑的結論 。? At this time the . had an absolute advantage in all 26 industries, yet the ratio of exports was low in the least productive sectors of the .91Copyright 169。 2024 Pearson AddisonWesley. All rights reserved.Fig.