【正文】
年,基本改變環(huán)境惡化的狀況,使城鄉(xiāng)環(huán)境有比較明顯的改善,從2010年到2030年,生態(tài)環(huán)境明顯改善,從2030年到2050年,全國建立起基本適應國民經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展的良性生態(tài)經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)。因此,迎戰(zhàn)貿(mào)易綠色壁壘與我們自身的發(fā)展目標是一致的。當然,在認識貿(mào)易綠色壁壘是客觀性和必要性的同時,也應該清醒地看到,如何設(shè)定綠色壁壘以及綠色壁壘的高低等,卻帶有很大的主觀色彩。因此,我們必須熟悉WTO的有關(guān)規(guī)則,充分運用這些規(guī)則,保護自己,沖破他人的壁壘。(二)及時掌握國際農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量標準,并迅速作出反應中國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品要想順利進入發(fā)達國家市場,除了質(zhì)量要達到國際通用的食品衛(wèi)生標準,還要滿足發(fā)達國家各自制定的更為苛刻的技術(shù)標準,而且這些標準還在不斷提高。所以,我們必須及時全面掌握農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量標準及其變化情況,以便盡快調(diào)整我們的對策。長期以來,我國一直十分重視農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量,而忽視對食品安全的需求,直到2001年9月18日,農(nóng)業(yè)部才出臺了無公害農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的行業(yè)標準。我們所說的“無公害農(nóng)產(chǎn)品”,一般是指農(nóng)產(chǎn)品中的重金屬含量、農(nóng)藥殘留量和硝酸鹽含量不超過規(guī)定標準。但是我國的這些標準都遠遠低于發(fā)達國家,對于有毒有機物指標和標準則根本沒有考慮。我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量標準中共涉及62種化學污染物,主要包括化學農(nóng)藥以及諸如砷、汞、氰化物等污染物。然而,聯(lián)合國食物與農(nóng)業(yè)組織迄今已公布了有關(guān)農(nóng)業(yè)在食品中的最大限制標準共2522項,美國則多達4”””多項,其他發(fā)達國家也有數(shù)百項至上千項。與國外相比,我國的差距是明顯的。而且,我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品某些控制標準太松以及管理不力等缺陷,使其安全品質(zhì)更無保證。此外,我國大量的出口企業(yè)在“綠色”方面反應十分遲鈍,對“綠色壁壘”視而不見。如歐盟茶葉委員會早在1993年便提出了茶葉農(nóng)藥殘留新標準,并于1996年實施,后應產(chǎn)茶國要求給了一個“緩沖期”,然而就在此期間中國進入歐盟的茶葉農(nóng)藥殘留超標竟呈逐年上升的趨勢。例如氰戊菊酯的超標率,%,%;%,%。目前,我國許多地方負責貿(mào)易的政府部門,不清楚國際標準認證,許多企業(yè)更不知ISO是何物,或者只知道ISO9000,卻不知道ISO14000。因此,有必要加強政府、行業(yè)協(xié)會、行業(yè)性中介組織等相關(guān)部門的工作,加大宣傳力度,積極引導企業(yè)朝外向型農(nóng)業(yè)健康發(fā)展。(三)規(guī)范我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量標準,積極創(chuàng)造條件通過公認的質(zhì)量認證標準我國綠色產(chǎn)品、綠色營銷、綠色消費可謂是“生機勃勃”。有人曾統(tǒng)計,近年來報刊上頻頻出現(xiàn)有關(guān)產(chǎn)品和企業(yè)的“綠色”詞匯竟達318個之多。但是,包括農(nóng)產(chǎn)品在內(nèi),我國的許多所謂“綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)”或“綠色產(chǎn)品”,沒有統(tǒng)一的標準,各企業(yè)或地方不斷推出“綠色”大旗,推銷產(chǎn)品,形形色色披著“綠色”的外衣的假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品在市場上泛濫成災。西方發(fā)達國家,主要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品都已經(jīng)建立了健全的質(zhì)量標準。雖然我國也頒布實施了一些食品安全質(zhì)量標準及法規(guī),但我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量標準還很不規(guī)范,且許多產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量標準低于國際標準規(guī)定的水平。為了使我國的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品達到符合國際市場要求的質(zhì)量標準,拿到進入國際市場的“綠色通行證”,應該制定統(tǒng)一的、與國際接軌的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品標準體系技術(shù)條例和標準,使產(chǎn)中、產(chǎn)后的質(zhì)量監(jiān)督、管理都能與國際接軌。并在質(zhì)量認證及實施過程中,中央政府、地方政府與非政府機構(gòu)的工作必須統(tǒng)一。使我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品安全生產(chǎn)走向制度化、法制化的軌道。同時,給予綠色產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)以優(yōu)惠的鼓勵政策,從信息、技術(shù)、稅收、貸款等各方面,支持綠色農(nóng)業(yè)基地的建設(shè)。WTO規(guī)則規(guī)定,當補貼不具有“專向性”時,補貼是被允許的。如政府對綠色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)環(huán)境方面的補貼,不僅不對貿(mào)易造成直接影響,而且還有利于減少環(huán)境污染,因而這種綠色補貼稱為正常補貼,是被允許的。同時,應逐漸改變我國目前普遍使用財政轉(zhuǎn)移支付政策手段的做法,充分利用WTO守則中列入“不可起訴”范圍的3項專向補貼,即RLD活動(researchandprepetitivedevelopment)、地區(qū)扶貧和環(huán)保項目,通過立法將其歸入WTO守則中“不可起訴”范圍。目前,中國政府建立了唯一授權(quán)的綠色和有機食品的認證機構(gòu))))中國綠色食品發(fā)展中心。這家機構(gòu)已先后與美國、德國及日本等國鑒定了認證合作協(xié)議,這為我國綠色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品順利進入對方市場打通了渠道。(四)全面整治農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境,逐步規(guī)范綠色基地的建設(shè)中國經(jīng)歷了五千年的文明,給我們留下的最寶貴財富是祖祖輩輩精耕細作沒有被污染的耕地。然而,目前我國的環(huán)境污染破壞已從城市擴散到農(nóng)村。為了保護我國的生態(tài)環(huán)境,提高我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品環(huán)境質(zhì)量水平,必須加強對農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境、草原牧區(qū)、漁業(yè)水域等環(huán)境進行綜合治理,加大環(huán)保執(zhí)法力度,充實基礎(chǔ)環(huán)保隊伍,利用法規(guī)、行政及經(jīng)濟等手段促進農(nóng)村生態(tài)環(huán)境的建設(shè)。特別是對大中城市郊區(qū)、工礦企業(yè)周圍等重點區(qū)域的土壤環(huán)境,開展常規(guī)性監(jiān)測,及時掌握環(huán)境污染、損失狀況,提出相應的治理措施。同時,嚴格按照綠色產(chǎn)品的標準,逐步完善我國綠色基地的建設(shè)。各地區(qū)應有計劃、分區(qū)域、分步驟、有重點地開展綠色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品示范基地的建設(shè)。在產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營過程中,樹立農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品牌意識,利用許可證、質(zhì)量認證等手段,創(chuàng)立農(nóng)產(chǎn)品優(yōu)質(zhì)品牌,通過優(yōu)質(zhì)優(yōu)價的市場機制,以經(jīng)濟杠桿調(diào)整優(yōu)化農(nóng)產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)。(五)加大科技投入,開展廣泛的國際合作??萍纪度胫饕w現(xiàn)在三個方面:一是綠色產(chǎn)品的開發(fā),二是農(nóng)藥化肥的生產(chǎn)和使用,三是土壤污染的治理。(1)應以國際市場為導向,以社會、生態(tài)、經(jīng)濟效益為中心,開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)更多的綠色產(chǎn)品。(2)要調(diào)整農(nóng)藥化肥結(jié)構(gòu)。我國缺乏高效低毒的新農(nóng)藥,在不足200種農(nóng)藥中,產(chǎn)量最高的21種大多是高毒農(nóng)藥。應積極開發(fā)高效、低毒、低殘留的農(nóng)藥和化肥,淘汰對人體危害很大的高毒、高殘留農(nóng)藥。大力推廣有機肥工程,減少無機肥的用量。逐步引導和發(fā)展準確農(nóng)業(yè),改變偏施、重施化肥的習慣。(3)研究開發(fā)并引進農(nóng)藥降解技術(shù)。有些技術(shù)如利用臭氧消毒降解技術(shù),在國外運用已經(jīng)有一百多年的歷史,而我國用于解決農(nóng)藥殘留問題才是最近幾年的事。要充分利用世界銀行與聯(lián)合國開發(fā)計劃署共同建立的“全球環(huán)境基金”并向發(fā)展中國家提供環(huán)保領(lǐng)域的優(yōu)惠貸款的條件,爭取更多的資金投入到我國農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境保護及綠色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的研究開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)過程中。積極參與國際性及區(qū)域性的環(huán)境技術(shù)合作,通過環(huán)保技術(shù)的轉(zhuǎn)讓,促進我國綠色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展。(責編:斌)39。Green Barrier39。 Stifles China39。s Agro ExportsChina39。s agricultural exports are being stifled by “green barriers”import restrictions on the grounds of environmental and food safety issuesbut Chinese farmers are now fighting back with “green” 39。s agricultural exports are being stifled by “green barriers”import restrictions on the grounds of environmental and food safety issuesbut Chinese farmers are now fighting back with “green” formidable nontariff barriers placed by import countries have created a pressure on China39。s farm produce exports even with the lowering of tariffs after China39。s entry into the World Trade 39。s tea exports to the European Union dropped by 37 percent last year on an annual basis, which was principally attributed to intensified import criteriaexamination categories soared from six to 62 after November last with the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation conceded that some developed countries have multiplied import examination items and heightened the requirements on China39。s to figures from United Nations organizations, billion of exports from China covering agriculture and other industries were stifled by the growing green barrier an effort to deal with the difficulties, China has taken up the challenge to improve its own agricultural structure.“China has pinpointed green food as a vanguard to break the barrier and boost agricultural development can also greatly improve the agricultural environment,” said Liang Zhichao, of the China Green Food Development Center(CGFD).The organization is solely authorized by the Chinese government to issue the authentication of “green” and organic food to said that the quality of China39。s farm produce has to meetthe internationally popular CAC Standard on food hygiene, and more rigorous requirements which vary from country to country, in orderto enter markets in developed said that the CGFD has just signed a contract with the Organic Food Program with the Agriculture Department of the State of Washington on opening market to each other39。s organic to this, the CGFD had clinched similar agreements with green food authorities in Germany and Japan to help promote international markets for China39。s green said that China39。s green food has matched the strict quality and quarantine standards in developed far, the CGFD has not registered a single record of an export term “green food” only appeared in China 10 years , exports have been increasing at an annual rate of 50 percent to 300 million last has decided to make even bolder efforts to tap its huge potential, since green products make up only two percent of total agricultural successive bumper harvests, China has reached a supplydemand balance on the agricultural an obviously improved awareness of environmental importance and food safety, the country39。s emphasis on green agriculture also plies with theenhanced living standards of the Chinese is aiming to raise the output of green food to 45 milliontons by 2005 from 10 million tons recorded last year, when the more than 1,000 authorized producers had a sales revenue of 40 billion has built a nationwide network providing authentication monitoring, technical services and quality inspection of green food producers, whose products are specifically regulated by some 80 clauses of state , related departments are drafting a law on th