【正文】 re since over 20 years have worked here since for 20 for 20 4 將來(lái)態(tài) 4+aYou will hand in your paper by will finish it in four will be staying in Canada at the moment next 5+a 情態(tài)現(xiàn)在時(shí)5+have + c 情態(tài)過(guò)去時(shí)I can do could have done it you were here, we would not say you were here, we would not have said so you had been here yesterday, we would not say if you had been here, we would not have said )an ideaWhat idea do you want to convey?Imitate the use of wordsNever create anything newcorrect + effective = good2．Coamp。 SubordinationWhen I was young, I’d listen to the radio waiting for my favorite saw him saw him in the saw him when I shopped with my : a sentence with a clause or more clauses involvedA clause = an inplete sentenceComplete in structure butInplete in meaningWho am I?I wonder who I don’t know the man whom I haven’t seen the movie(that / which)I heard markers:(1)if / when / because(2)wh~ wordsCoordinationShe is not one of us。she is not like she is not one of us, she is not like is not one of us because she is not like :(3)and / but / orYou are so bad a guy and I hate are so bad a I hate feel I want to ask for a feel , I want to ask for a ．Effective Sentencesa)Unity: 謂語(yǔ)b)Coherence: a cluster of sentencesObligation: 下句解釋上句 like a chain with overlapping pointsc)Conciseness: meaning英文 – 最最準(zhǔn)確、地道的中文d)Emphasis:Subject 主語(yǔ)（名詞）/ golden verb主句謂語(yǔ)（動(dòng)詞）/e)Variety：no repetition of the use of wordsCorrect in structure +effective in usage=a good English sentence如何增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)句表達(dá)力：1避免使用語(yǔ)意弱的“be”動(dòng)詞（1）Weak: The trees are grass is landscape seemsdrab./Revision:The brown grass and bare trees form a drab landscape.(轉(zhuǎn)換為前置定語(yǔ))（2）Weak: The team members are good players./Revision: The team members playwell.（3）Weak: Here are the books you ordered./Revision: The books you ordered have，保持句意簡(jiǎn)潔明了Poor: She is a careful : She pares prices and quality3盡量運(yùn)用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Weak: The biscuits were stacked on a : Mother stacked the biscuits on a Wordy: My little sister has a preference for chocolate : My little sister prefers chocolate Weak: They will not agree to his proposals in any shape or : They will not agree to any of his 4 Developing Paragraphs time process space example parison and contrast cause and effect classificationComponentsA sentencesentences = a paragraphsentences in a paragraph:(1)a topic sentence(TS)(2)a supporting detail sentence(SD)(3)a minor detail sentence(MD)TS: a central noun + an assertionPopularity of cars in ChinaPopularity of cars in China has brought about many problems.）=A ParagraphPopularity of cars in China reflects the rapid development of economy and society in of cars in China reflects the country’s rapid development of economy and society.）=A Paragraph1．Development by TimeComponents in a story:did(5)an opener(6)what happened minute by minute?(7)An endThe way of telling a storyTime sequence = glue2．Development by ProcessThe process of setting a passwordStep 110Action sequenceUser’s Instructionsdoes3．Development by SpaceCamera engineer’ eyes does4．Development by ExampleRandom examples5．Development by ClassificationThree funny things / three features6．Development by Comparison and ContrastTo make a parison between Tom and MaryWhy do we need to do so?Tom / Mary pupils in the Yinchuan 21st Primary School top / poor learn English skills?7．Development by Cause and EffectIn a sentence,Clause markers:Because… V…, …V…./ …V… because…V…./…V… because of.. to..noun, …V…./ …V… due to..noun...In a paragraph,TS introduces the causes / subject: the topic word = the head of parison(1)a./ …~er … than…N2…(aux.)更比EasierDifficultermore difficult less a./ad.….thanThis dress is not more expensive than that dress is less expensive than that dress is cheaper than that …as / so a./ad.… as…N2…(aux.)一樣和The same + N.=~ similar toTom has similar age to ’s age is similar to Mary’ is right at a similar age to Mary.(2)with no a./ : extremely the differenceWhich one is better?如何寫好段落：首先，一個(gè)段落必須有一個(gè)中心即主題思想，該中心由主題句特別是其中的題旨來(lái)表達(dá)。整個(gè)段落必須緊扣這個(gè)主題(stick or hold to the topic)，這就是段落的統(tǒng)一性(unity)。一個(gè)段落內(nèi)的各個(gè)句子必須從屬于一個(gè)中心，任何游離于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。其次，一個(gè)段落必須有若干推展句，使主題思想得到充分展開，從而給讀者一個(gè)完整的感覺(jué)，這就是完整性(pleteness or adequateness)。一個(gè)段落的主題思想靠推展句來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，如果只有主題句而沒(méi)有推展句來(lái)進(jìn)一步交待和充實(shí)，就不能構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的段落。同樣，雖然有推展句，但主題思想沒(méi)有得到相對(duì)圓滿的交待，給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺(jué)。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。再者，一個(gè)段落不是雜亂無(wú)章的，而是有機(jī)的組合，句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯，從一個(gè)句子到另一個(gè)句子的過(guò)渡必須流暢(smooth)，這就是連貫性(coherence)。連貫性包括意連和形連兩個(gè)方面，前者指的是內(nèi)在的邏輯性，后者指的是使用轉(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)。當(dāng)然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒(méi)有意連，句子之間就沒(méi)有內(nèi)在的有機(jī)的聯(lián)系；反之，只有意連而沒(méi)有形連，有時(shí)行文就不夠流暢。有損連貫性的幾種情況：不必要的改變時(shí)態(tài)，不必要的改變單復(fù)數(shù)，不必要的改變?nèi)朔Q。