【正文】 接詞，但是as，because，since是從屬連詞，引導原因狀語從句，for是并列連詞，所引導的不是原因狀語從句，而是表示理由的對等句子，是對前面所講內(nèi)容補充和說明。在語氣上由強至弱依次為because→since→as→for。because引導的從句多置于句末，表示直接的原因或理由，表示產(chǎn)生那種結果的必然的因果關系，在回答why的提問時，必須用because作答。如：We stayed at home because it rained．因為下雨我們呆在家里。216。 as與since引導的從句多置于句首，不過as表示十分明顯的原因，只說明一般的因果關系，可譯為“因為、由于”；而since則表示稍加分析、對方已知的原因，一般可譯為“既然”。如：As he was not feeling well，I decided to go there alone．由于他身體欠佳，我決定獨自去那里。Since everyone is here，let39。s start．既然大家都到了，咱們就開始吧。216。 for引導的從句一般放在句末，其前用逗號，它所敘述的理由是間接的，即推測性理由，或是對前面敘述的事實或看法的補充說明。如：There must be nobody in the classroom，for the light is off． 教室里一定沒有人，因為燈滅了。（推測性理由）3beat, win beat表在比賽和戰(zhàn)斗中打敗對手，后接對手作賓語。Win作及物動詞時，其賓語為游戲、比賽、戰(zhàn)斗、獎金等名詞。如：He has won the race.（他贏得了賽跑的勝利。）3beside, besides beside在……旁邊。如：Come and sit beside ……之外。如：I have two other umbrellas besides this 、besides；except；but216。 三者都可以用作介詞。用于肯定句中時，except／but意為“除……外（不再有）”；besides意為“除……外（還有）”。請比較：All of them have seen the film except／but Wu Dong． 除了吳東外，他們都看過了那部影片。All of them have seen the film besides Wu Dong． 除了吳東看過那部影片外，他們也都看過了。216。 except后接名詞、代詞、－ing或不定式時，可以與but互換；except后接副詞、介詞短語時，一般不能為but所替換。如：I’ll do everything except／but cook． 除了做飯，我什么事情都干。This window is never opened except in summer． 除了在夏天，這個窗子從不打開。216。 用在否定句中，三者可以互換。如：There aren’t any other people to do the work except／but／besides you．除了你，沒人能做這工作。3be known as； be known for； be known to；be known in216。 be known as 意為“作為……而著名”，其后的名詞表示一個人的身份、職業(yè)等。如：Liu Huan is known as a singer．劉歡作為一個歌手而出名。We’re sure you’ll be wellknown as an artist．我們相信你會成為一位著名的畫家。216。 be known for 意為“因……而著名”，其后所接內(nèi)容表示某人或物的特點、特長等。如：Guilin is known for her beautiful mountains and rivers．桂林因其美麗的山水而聞名。Mr Geldof is wellknown for organizing two big pop concerts on the same day．蓋爾多夫先生因在同一天組織兩場大型的流行音樂會而出名。216。 be known to “為……所了解／知道”，其后接表示人的詞語。“（人們都）知道”，其后接動詞原形。如：He is known to all in our village．村子里的人都了解他。He was known to have invented many things．＝It was known that he had invented many things． 人們都知道他已經(jīng)發(fā)明了很多東西。3borrow, lend borrow借入。如：Can I borrow your pen for a moment? lend把……借給。如：Can you lend me your bike?3bring/take/fetch/carrybring(vt.)帶來：表示從別處把某人或某物拿到說話者處。take(vt.)取走：表示將某物從講話者處帶走fetch(vt.)去?。罕硎镜侥车貙⒛澄锘蚰橙四玫街v話者處。carry(vt.)攜帶：表示用人力或交通工具把某物或某人，從一地帶到另一地。該動詞不含方向意味。The ball went over the fence and one of the players asked a boy to fetch city’s underground carries more people than the had better take an umbrella with you in case of , bring me a bottle of beer 、cause, reason cause 指造成某一事實或現(xiàn)象的直接原因，后接of sth./doing sth reason用來解釋某種現(xiàn)象或結果的理由，后接for sth./doing reason for being late4chance, opportunity, occasion chance多指偶然的機會，意外的機會，帶有僥幸的意味。如：Even so, it was a lucky chance that he could do it.（即使如此，那也是他憑著僥幸才做到這點。）opportunity主要指能夠去做某事，尤其是達到自己目的，實現(xiàn)某種愿望的好機會。如：You should make the most of your opportunities of seeing the country and learning the language.（你應該盡量利用你的機會去看看這個國家，學習它的語言。）occasion主要指“時機”，“場合”，也含有“機會”的意思。如：The flags are hung out on the occasion of the National Day.（每逢國慶節(jié)，國旗都懸持出來了。）4childish, childlike childish幼稚的。如：It was very childish of him to lose his temper over something so 。如：When she won the gold medal, there was childlike smile on her 、cloth, clothing cloth布。如：I need three yards of cloth to make a （總稱）。如：You’d better give all the old clothing 、pare…with。par…to。pared with／to216。 pare…with意為“把……與……相比”，側重指兩者間的區(qū)別。如：Compare this car with that one, and you will find the differences between them．把這輛汽車與那輛汽車相比較，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)它們之間的區(qū)別。216。 pare…to…意為“把……比作……”，著重注意兩者間的相似點。如：This song pares our country to a big family．這首歌把我們的國家比作一個大家庭。216。 pare既可以單獨用作及物動詞，也可用作不及物動詞。用作不及物動詞時，以pare with…形式出現(xiàn)，表示“與……相比”。如：Living here can’t pare with living in Shanghai．在這兒生活不能和在上海（生活）相比。If you pare the two words，you can tell the difference between them． 如果你比較這兩個單詞，你就會辨別出它們之間的不同。216。 pared with…和pared to…都可用作狀語，意義基本相同，可互換。如：Compared to／with him，you are lucky．與他相比，你是幸運的。It was a small town then，pared to／with what it is now． 和現(xiàn)在比起來，那時它還是個小鎮(zhèn)。4pose, consist, constitute pose為常用詞，常用被動語態(tài)，如用主動語態(tài)，主語應用復數(shù)形式。如：Twelve men pose a jury.（十二人組成陪審團。）consist表一個整體由幾個部分組成（只能用主動語態(tài)）。如：The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Island.（聯(lián)合王國是由大不列顛及北愛爾蘭組成。）constitute為正式用詞，與consist相反，表由哪些部分構成整體。如：Twelve months constitute a year.（一年有十二個月。）4considerable, considerate considerable相當多的，可觀的。如：He met a considerable amount of trouble.（他遇到了許多麻煩。）considerate 考慮周到的，體諒的。如：It was considerate of you not to trouble us.（你真體貼人，不打擾我們。）4consistent, constant, continual, continuous consistent一致的，符合的。如：His action is always consistent with his ，表示持續(xù)和慣常的重現(xiàn)，往往沒有變化。如：He attributes his health to his constant ，不停的，時斷時續(xù)，中間可有間歇。如：Continual smoking is bad for ，連續(xù)不斷的，強調(diào)中間無間斷。如：Everything in the universe undergoes continuous development and 、cost/take/spend/paycost(vt.)花費：指花費金錢、勞力和時間。主語通常是事或物，可跟雙賓語。take(vt.)花費：指花費時間。主語通常是一件事，也可以跟雙賓語。spend(vt.)花費：指花費時間和金錢，主語總是人?？梢孕纬蓅pend…on sth./in doing 。pay(vt.amp。vi.)付錢，后面可以跟雙賓語，也可以當不及物動詞使用，形成pay for 。比較：Electricity will cost more than it did last will take me two days to finish the the past few years the factory spent a lot of money improving its working ’s uncle has to pay for his education as his father has e down in the 、crack, crash crack（使）破裂，砸開。如：I can crack it, but I can’t break it.（我能把它弄裂，但不能把它弄破。）crash摔壞，墜毀。如：The plane crashed shortly after the takeoff.（飛機起飛不久就墜毀了。）50、cure, treat cure治愈，醫(yī)治。如：The medicine will cure of your disease.（這藥能治好你的病。）cure表示治好，treat只表示“給……治病”。5current, present均可表“現(xiàn)在”，“目前”。current強調(diào)在現(xiàn)階段正在流行，通用，但不一定是最新的。如：current English(當代英語)present為常用詞，指現(xiàn)在正在通用的，在時間上比current的范圍更窄。如：What’s your present address?（你現(xiàn)住址是哪里？）5custom, habit 均可表習慣。custom為正式用詞，多指社團或人們的習慣行為方式。habit為常用詞，多指個人因多次重復而形成做某事的趨勢或意愿。如：He has the bad habit of biting his nails.（他有咬手指的壞習慣。）5damage。destroy。ruin這三個詞都有“破壞；損壞”的意思，區(qū)別如下：216。 damage意為“損壞、破壞”。它可用于表示損壞或破壞具體的物品，一般暗示損壞后價值或效益會降低，這種損壞是部分性的，通常指損壞的程度不那么嚴重，還可以修復再用。也可用于表示損壞抽象的東西,有時該詞也用于借喻。如：The car was not damaged badly in the accident, but five people were se