【正文】 選 whoever。此題的正確答案為C，anyone 為句子主語，with the right knowledge 為修飾 anyone 的定語。請做以下試題：(1)_________ with a good education can apply for the ever(2)_________ has a good education can apply for the ever(3)_________ having a good education can apply for the ever(4)_________ seen smoking here will be ever(5)_________ is seen smoking here will be ever(6)_________ smoking here will be ever(7)_________ smokes here will be ever 第(1)題選C，介詞短語with a good education 為修飾 anyone 的定語； 第(2)題選B，whoever has a good education 為主語從句；第(3)題選C，現(xiàn)在分詞短語having a good education 為修飾 anyone 的定語；第(4)題選C，過去分詞短語seen smoking here 為修飾 anyone 的定語(可視為 anyone who is seen smoking here 之省略)；第(5)題選B，whoever is seen smoking here 為主語從句(from )； 第(6)題選C，現(xiàn)在分詞短語smoking here 為修飾anyone 的定語； 第(7)題B，whoever smokes here 為主語從句。that與whether(if)引導名詞性從句的區(qū)別兩者均可引導賓語從句，也可引導語從句和表語從句(if 通常不行)，但兩者含義不同，whether(if)表示“是否”，that 卻不表示任何含義。在它們所引出的從句中，that 表示一種肯定、明確的概念，而 whether(if)則表示一種不肯定、不明確的概念。比較：Whether he’ll e is not known 。That he’ll e is known to us 。類似地，動詞doubt(懷疑)后接賓語從句時，由于 doubt的含義不確定，故通常用 whether(if)來引導其賓語從句，但若 doubt為否定式，則其后的賓語從句用 that 來引導。如：I doubt if you are 。I don’t doubt that you are 。that, why 與 because 引導表語從句時的區(qū)別雖然三者均可引導表語從句，但 that 沒有詞義，而 why 和 because 有自己的意思；另外，雖然 why和 because 都可引導表語從句，但前者強調(diào)結(jié)果，后者強調(diào)原因。如：The reason was that you don’t trust 。The fact is that they are angry with each 。He was ’s why he was sent to the ，所以被送到醫(yī)院來。He was sent to the ’s because he was ，是因為他生病了。whether 和if引導名詞性從句的區(qū)別兩者均可用于及物動詞后引導賓語從句，表示“是否”，常可互換。但除此(用于動詞后引導賓語從句)之外，在其他情況下表示“是否”時，通常要用 whether 而不用 if，如用于引導主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、讓步狀語從句、與or連用分別引導兩個分句等，或用于不定式前、用于介詞后、直接與 or not 連用等等。如：Ask him whether [if] he can 。The question is whether he can do 。Answer my question whether you can help 。It depends on whether the letter arrives in 。注：在某些動詞后(如 discuss 等)通常只用 whether。如：We discussed whether we should hold a 。that與what引導名詞性從句的區(qū)別that引導名詞性從句只起連接作用，在從句中不作任何成分，無意義，在賓語從句通常省略，但在主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中均不能省略；what除引導從句外，還在從句中作成分，意為“所??的(東西)”，在含義上等于“名詞+that”。如：That she lacks experience is ，這是顯然的。The police learned that he wasn’t there at that 。He realized that she too was 。My idea is that you shouldn’t have left the 。Bob has the mistaken idea that tomorrow is a 。It was quite plain that he didn’t want to 。It is natural that they should have different 。What(=The thing that)he said was 。What he had hoped at last came 。What he said is beneath 。What he says is true, 。What she saw gave her a 。What I want to say is 。I’m sorry for what I 。That’s what I want to 。You had better hear what I have to 。I managed to get what I 。It was what he meant rather than what he 。There’s something in what he 。Her interest was roused by what he 。He was always conscious of the fact that she did not approve of what he was 。注：that 可引導同位語從句，what不能。如: Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么時候開始嗎? 學習名詞性從句的應注意的關鍵點一是從句作主語，主句謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)；二是主語從句通常用it作形式主語，尤其是在It is +名詞 / 形容詞 / 過去分詞+that?中，或在It seems / happens that?中，或疑問句中；三要注意由what, whatever, whoever引導的主語從句一般不用形式主語。一是介詞后(except等除外)一般不跟that引導的賓語從句，但可接疑問詞引導的賓語從句； 二是在that引導的賓語從句后若還有補語時，要用it作形式賓語，而將that從句置于補語之后； 三是當主句謂語動詞是think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine等時，若賓語從句要表示否定意義，往往要通過否主句來實現(xiàn)，即所謂否定轉(zhuǎn)移；四是雖然引導賓語從句的that有時可以省略，但若賓語從句前有插入語或有間接賓語時，that不能省略；that在與之并列的另一個賓語從句之后或者在“形式賓語it+賓補”之后時也不能省略；that從句單獨回答問題時，that也不能省略。一是除that, whether和疑問詞外，as, as if, as though, because也可引導表語從句； 二要注意“that’s why+結(jié)果”以及“that’s because+原因”的區(qū)別； 三是注意the reason(why / for?)is that?句式。一是同位語從句多在news, order, word(=news / order), idea, hope, suggestion, information, plan, thought, doubt, fear, belief等抽象名詞后，說明其具體內(nèi)容；二是同位語從句與所說明的名詞有時會被謂語所分開，做題時需注意；三是引導同位語從句的有that, whether和連接副詞when, where, why, how等，但絕大多數(shù)由that引導，注意同位語從句不能用which引導。英語基礎語法——名詞性從句一、名詞性從句的基本概念在復合句中起名詞作用的從句叫名詞性從句，包括作主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。(1)主語從句就是在復合句中作主語的從句。主語從句常用that, whether, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why, whatever, whoever等引導。如：Whether he will be able to e remains a 。That China is a great socialist country is well ，中國是一個偉大的社會主義國家。注：為避免頭重腳輕，使句子平衡，常用it作形式主語，而將主語從句后置。如上述第二例常說成：It is well known that China is a great socialist ，由連接代詞what, whatever, whoever等引導的主語從句一般不能用形式主語。如： What he found surprised me 。Whoever is finished may 。(2)表語從句就是在連系動詞之后作表語的從句。引導表語從句的連接除與引導主語從句的連接詞外，還有as if，as though。如：The question is whether he is able to do it 。It looks as if(though)it is going to 。注意：要區(qū)分以下句式：’s why+結(jié)果；that’s because+原因。 reason why /for?is that? He is ’s because he is ，這是因為他生病了。He is ’s why he is ，這就是他缺席的原因。The reason why he is absent is that he is 。(3)賓語從句就是在復合句中作賓語的從句。引導這賓語從句的連接詞與引導主語從句的連接詞基本相同。如： They didn’t say which they 。I am sure(that)no harm will ever e to 。I was surprised at what has 。注意：當think, believe, suppose等的疑問式后面跟連接代詞或連接副詞引導的賓語從句時，習慣上將這些連接詞置于句首，即“連接代/副詞＋do you think /believe /expect＋賓語從句的其余部分？”如：Who do you think is the best player this year? 你認為今年誰是最佳運動員? What do you suppose you will do after school? 你想放學后干什么？(4)同位語從句就是在句中作同位語的從句。它通常有放在thought, idea, news, word(=news), plan, doubt, question, fact, suggestion, belief等抽象名詞的后面，說明這些詞的具體內(nèi)容或含義。同位語從句大多由that引導，也可由whether, how, when, where, why等引導，但不能由which引導。如：The idea that the earth is round is not a new one.“地球是圓的”這種觀點并不新鮮。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or 。I have no idea when he will set 。注：有時，同位語從句并不緊跟在它所說明的詞的后面。如：The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheep’s ，他原來是一只披羊皮的狼。二、名詞性從句的基本要素 就是引導名詞性從句的關連接詞。共有四類：：只起連接作用，沒有任何意思，不作任何句子成分，在賓語從句中可省略。：有“是否”之意，但不作句子成分；引導賓語從句時，還可用if。：who(m), whose, which, what等均有各自的意義，在從句中作主語、賓語、定語等。：when, where, why, how等，有意義，在從句中作狀語。, whatever, whichever等也可引導名詞性從句，意為“無論/不管??”。注意：連接詞必須位于從句的最前面。關于連接詞的用法，請參見后文。必須與陳述句語序相同：主語＋謂語動詞。如： 譯：我不知道他去哪里了。誤：I don’t know where has she ：I don’t know where she has 若主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時時，賓語從句的謂語動詞可根據(jù)情況使用各種時態(tài)；若主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時，其謂語動詞必須用某種過去時態(tài)。如：She said that his father had gone to 。(had不能用has)注：賓語從句是一個客觀真理時，可以不一致。如：She told me that the earth go