【正文】 information has obvious implications for the cheapness ofmodern genesequencing methods, particularly those that are looking for specific mutationssuspected in advance, means that a tumour s mutational plement can be worked outeasily in an appropriately equipped pathology the case of oestrogenreceptorpositive breast cancer, the genetic analysis has not yet gone so far as to be able to say withcertainty which drug will produce the best result for a given individual, but Dr Ellis s resultlays a foundation on which such an edifice might be built for breast cancer and perhaps forother types of tumour, 。而且，現(xiàn)代基因測序法價格低廉，尋找預先已有懷疑的某些特別的基因突變尤為便宜。這意味著，在擁有合適裝備的病理實驗室里，人們可以很容易地找出腫瘤基因突變的補體。就雌激素受體陽性乳腺癌來說，基因分析還無法肯定地告訴我們，哪種藥物對某個病人療效最佳。但埃利斯博士的結果打下了一個基礎，或許可以在此之上為乳腺癌——甚至其他種類的癌癥——的治療建立有效的預測方法。可銳教育官網(wǎng)Medical implants醫(yī)用植入設備A sweet 。Researchers are trying to harness glucosethe body s own fuelto power implantablegadgets such as LIKE any other electrical device, a pacemaker needs a power the firstpermanent pacemaker was installed in 1958, manufacturers of implantable medical devices have tinkered with many different ways of supplying electricity to their of chemical batteries have been tried, as well as inductive recharging schemes andeven plutonium power cells that convert the heat from radioactive decay into pacemakers still turn up from time to time in mortuaries and hospitals,and a failure to dispose of them properly keeps America s Nuclear Regulatory Commissionbusy handing out citations to unsuspecting ，一個起搏器同樣需要能源。自從1958年第一個永久起搏器被植入后，可植入醫(yī)療設備的制造商就在不斷嘗試為其產(chǎn)品提供電能的各種方法。嘗試了各種化學電池以及感應充電計劃，甚至是將放射衰變的熱能轉換為電能的钚電源單元格?，F(xiàn)在，钚電源起搏器還是時不時的出現(xiàn)在停尸房和醫(yī)院中，并且使得美國核管理委員忙于忙于處罰那些疏于妥善處理钚電源起搏器的醫(yī)院。Today, nonrechargeable lithiumbased batteries are in many cardiologicaland neurological implants, they provide between seven and ten years of is morethan enough: the speed of medical progress is such that by the time the battery has run downit is generally time to replace the whole device with a newer model in any ，不可充電的鋰電池較為普遍。應用在心臟病和神經(jīng)源性疾病的移植設備中，一般能夠提供7年到10年的使用時間。這么長的使用時間顯得綽綽有余：醫(yī)學發(fā)展的速度意味著等到設備的電量用光就到了用一個更先進的型號來替換整個設備的時候。But that has not dissuaded researchers from continuing to seek perfection, in the form of apact, perpetual energy source which does not require external ,several researchers are closing in on just such a solution using glucose, a type of sugar thatis the main energy source for all cells in the ，緊湊型的永久能源，從而使得這些移植設備不再需要外部充電。現(xiàn)在，幾個研究人員正在接近一個能夠提供這樣能源的方法，使用葡可銳教育官網(wǎng)萄糖，即為人體所有細胞提供主要能源的一種糖。Many other ideas have been tried down the kinetic energy of the human body, forexample, has long been harnessed to power watches, and should also be enough to keep apacemaker differences between the body and the ambient air meanthat thermoelectric couples can generate useful quantities of properly tuned devicecould capture background radiofrequency energy and rectify it into small amounts ofusable 。比如，很久以前人體動能就用來為手表提供能量，這種動能也足夠維持起搏器的運轉。人體與外部環(huán)境的溫差意味著熱電偶能夠產(chǎn)生一定數(shù)量能量。一個適當調諧裝置能夠捕獲北京射頻能量并且將其轉換成少量可用能源。Although all these ideas have been shown to work in theoretical tests on lab benches, theyall suffer from the same handicap: intermittent patients, forinstance, generate little kinetic in a warm room reduces the poweravailable from radio waves are mon but not areserious drawbacks for an IMD that may be responsible for keeping someone ，但是他們都有一個同樣的缺陷：間歇運行。例如，處于昏迷的患者產(chǎn)生的人體動能很少。處于溫暖的房間中會減少熱電偶產(chǎn)生的可用能量。另外射頻很常見，但是也不是處處可見。這些問題對于維持生命的可移植醫(yī)療設備來說都是十分嚴重的缺陷。Power in the blood血液中的能量。A glucosepowered implant would solve such is continuously deliveredthroughout the body by its circulatory sugarpowered device would thereforehave access to a constant supply of fuel, and could be implanted almost 。葡萄糖由人體的循環(huán)系統(tǒng)被源源不斷的輸送到人體各處。一個糖分供能的設備因此能夠取得持續(xù)供給的能量并且?guī)缀蹩梢栽谌魏挝恢眠M行移植。One approach, which has been employed by Sameer Singhal, a researcher at the CFDResearch Corporation in Alabama, involves the same enzymes that break down glucosewithin a living carbon nanotubes, he and his colleagues immobilised two differentenzymes on the electrodes of a fuel cell, where they generated electricity by freeingelectrons from present, only two of the 24 available electrons in a single glucosemolecule can be harnessed, but refinements to the technology should boost that Research Corporation的研究人員Sameer Singhal所使用的方法涉及利用酶將活細胞中的葡萄糖分解。利用碳納米管，他和他的同事在燃料電池的電子上找到可銳教育官網(wǎng)了2種不同的酶，在燃料電池中他們通過釋放葡萄糖的電子來產(chǎn)生電能?，F(xiàn)在，在一個葡萄糖分子中的24個可用電子中只有2個可以利用，但是對這項技術的后續(xù)完善應該會使得可以利用的電子數(shù)量有所增加。Dr Singhal has implanted prototype devices into live with a fuel cell about thesize of a penny, the bionic bugs were able to generate over 20 microwatts during a twoweek 。放入了一個一便士大小的能量池，這些甲蟲在2周實驗期內(nèi)產(chǎn)生了20微瓦。That is only around a fifth of the power that a pacemaker requires, but Dr Singhal reckonsthat a humansized version of his cell would be able to deliver enough is a catch,though: a process called biofouling, in which foreign objects implanted in the body beeencrusted with proteins and could render Dr Singhal s device inoperable afteronly a few worrying are the enzymes, which tend to break down over enzymes means losing ，但是Singhal博士認為人類體積大小的細胞量能夠產(chǎn)生足夠的能量。這里有個欠缺點：被稱做生物污垢的過程，即被移植進人體的外來物會嵌入蛋白質和組織中。這會使得Singhal博士的設備在移植后的幾個月內(nèi)便無法使用。同樣使人擔憂的是酶，這種物質隨著時間的推移會被分解。而丟失酶就意味著丟失能量。Rahul Sarpeshkar, an electrical engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has asolution to both these a paper published on June 12th in Public Library ofScience, Dr Sarpeshkar and his colleagues describe building a glucose fuel cell which uses aplatinum catalyst that does not degrade over Sarpeshkar有個方法可以解決這兩個問題。6月12號發(fā)表于Public Libraryof Science的一篇論文中，Sarpeshkar博士和他的同事證實用鉑催化劑打造的葡萄糖能量池，其效果不會隨著時間被削弱。The downside is that platinum is a less efficient catalyst than the enzymes used by DrSinghal, and so Dr Sarpeshkar s cell works less it might be able to generateenough electricity to run the next generation of ultralowpower ，因此，Sarpeshkar博士的能量池運轉效果不好。但是它也許能夠生產(chǎn)足夠的電能來運轉下一代超低功耗的可移植醫(yī)療設備。Dr Sarpeshkar also has a novel solution to t