【正文】 g to interest in database systems that can run on such processing in such systems may involve lookups on server （論文）——外文翻譯（譯文）數(shù)據(jù)庫的新應(yīng)用我們使用關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫已經(jīng)有20多年了，關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫應(yīng)用中有很大一部分都用于商業(yè)領(lǐng)域支持諸如銀行和證券交易所的事務(wù)處理、各種業(yè)務(wù)的銷售和預(yù)約，以及幾乎所有公司都需要的財產(chǎn)目錄和工資單管理。下面我們要研究幾個新的應(yīng)用，近年來它們變得越來越重要。決策支持系統(tǒng)由于越來越多的數(shù)據(jù)可聯(lián)機獲得，企業(yè)已開始利用這些可獲得的數(shù)據(jù)來對自己的行動做出更好的決策，比如進什么貨，以及如何最好的吸引顧客以提高銷售額。我們可以通過使用簡單的SQL查詢語句提供大量用于決策支持的信息。但是，人們最近感到需要使用多種數(shù)據(jù)源的數(shù)據(jù)，以便在數(shù)據(jù)分析和數(shù)據(jù)挖掘（或知識發(fā)現(xiàn)）的基礎(chǔ)上，更好的來做決策支持。數(shù)據(jù)庫應(yīng)用從廣義上可分為事務(wù)處理和決策支持兩類。事務(wù)處理系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)在正被廣泛使用，并且公司已經(jīng)積累了大量由這類系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生的信息。數(shù)據(jù)挖掘這個概念廣義上講是指從大量數(shù)據(jù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)有關(guān)信息，或“發(fā)現(xiàn)知識”。與人工智能中的知識發(fā)現(xiàn)類似，數(shù)據(jù)挖掘試圖自動從數(shù)據(jù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)統(tǒng)計規(guī)則和模式。但是，數(shù)據(jù)挖掘和機器學(xué)習(xí)的不同在于它處理的是大量數(shù)據(jù)，它們主要存儲在磁盤上。從數(shù)據(jù)庫中發(fā)現(xiàn)的知識可以用一個規(guī)則集表示。我們用如下兩個模型之一從數(shù)據(jù)庫中發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)則：● 在第一個模型中，用戶直接參與知識發(fā)現(xiàn)的過程● 在第二個模型中，系統(tǒng)通過檢測數(shù)據(jù)的模式和相互關(guān)系，自動從數(shù)據(jù)庫中發(fā)現(xiàn)知識。有關(guān)自動發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)則的研究很大程度上是受人工智能領(lǐng)域在知識學(xué)習(xí)方面研究的影響。其主要的區(qū)別在于數(shù)據(jù)庫中處理的數(shù)據(jù)量，以及是否需要訪問磁盤。已經(jīng)有一些具體的數(shù)據(jù)挖掘算法用于高效地處理放在磁盤上的大量數(shù)據(jù)。規(guī)則發(fā)現(xiàn)的方式依賴于數(shù)據(jù)挖掘應(yīng)用的類型。我們用兩類應(yīng)用闡述規(guī)則發(fā)現(xiàn)：分類和關(guān)聯(lián)?？臻g和地理數(shù)據(jù)庫空間數(shù)據(jù)庫存儲有關(guān)空間位置的信息，并且對高效查詢和基于空間位置的索引提供支持。有兩種空間數(shù)據(jù)庫特別重要：● 設(shè)計數(shù)據(jù)庫或計算機輔助設(shè)計（CAD）數(shù)據(jù)庫是用于存儲設(shè)計信息的空間數(shù)據(jù)庫，這些信息主要是關(guān)于物體（如建筑、汽車或是飛機）是如何構(gòu)造的。另一個計算機輔助設(shè)計數(shù)據(jù)庫的重要例子是整合電路和電子設(shè)備設(shè)計圖?！?地理數(shù)據(jù)庫是用于存儲地理信息（如地圖）的空間數(shù)據(jù)庫。地理數(shù)據(jù)庫常稱為地理信息系統(tǒng)。地理數(shù)據(jù)本質(zhì)上是空間的，但與設(shè)計數(shù)據(jù)相比在幾個方面有所不同。地圖和衛(wèi)星圖像是地理數(shù)據(jù)的典型例子。地圖不僅可提供位置信息，如邊界、河流和道路，而且還可以提供許多和位置相關(guān)的詳細(xì)信息，如海拔、土壤類型、土地使用和年降雨量。地理數(shù)據(jù)可以分為兩類：光柵數(shù)據(jù)（這種數(shù)據(jù)由二維或更高維的位圖或像素圖組成）、矢量數(shù)據(jù)（由基本幾何對象構(gòu)成）。地圖數(shù)據(jù)常以矢量形式表示。多媒體數(shù)據(jù)庫最近，有關(guān)多媒體數(shù)據(jù)（如圖像、聲音和視頻）的數(shù)據(jù)庫的研究很熱門?，F(xiàn)在多媒體數(shù)據(jù)通常存儲在數(shù)據(jù)庫以外的文件系統(tǒng)中。當(dāng)多媒體對象的數(shù)目相對較少時，數(shù)據(jù)庫提供的特點往往不那么重要。但是當(dāng)存儲的多媒體對象數(shù)目較多時，數(shù)據(jù)庫的功能就變得重要起來?？傊?，事務(wù)更新、查詢機制和索引也開始變的很重要。多媒體對象常常有描述屬性，如指明它們是何時創(chuàng)建的、誰創(chuàng)建的，以及它們屬于哪一類。構(gòu)造這種多媒體對象的數(shù)據(jù)庫的方法之一是用數(shù)據(jù)存儲描述屬性，并且跟蹤存儲這些媒體對象的文件。但是，將多媒體數(shù)據(jù)存儲在數(shù)據(jù)庫之外，使得難于提供數(shù)據(jù)庫的功能，譬如基于實際多媒體數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)容的索引。此外這種情況還會造成不一致，譬如一個文件在數(shù)據(jù)庫中做了記錄，但其內(nèi)容卻丟失了；或其相反情況。因此我們更希望將數(shù)據(jù)本身存儲在數(shù)據(jù)庫中。移動性和個人數(shù)據(jù)庫大型商用數(shù)據(jù)庫傳統(tǒng)上是存儲在中央計算設(shè)備上的。在分布式數(shù)據(jù)庫應(yīng)用中，通常有強大的中央數(shù)據(jù)庫和網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理。然而以下這兩個技術(shù)趨勢的結(jié)合產(chǎn)生了一些應(yīng)用，這些應(yīng)用使中央控制和管理不再完全正確：● 個人計算機越來越廣泛的使用，其中更重要的 是便攜式或“筆記本”計算機的使用?！?基于無限局域網(wǎng)、蜂窩數(shù)字包網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以及其他技術(shù)成本相對低廉的無線數(shù)字通信基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的發(fā)展。無線計算使得計算機不必有固定的位置和網(wǎng)絡(luò)地址這使得查詢處理更加復(fù)雜，因為它難于決定實體化查詢結(jié)果的最佳位置。某些情況下，用戶的位置是一個查詢參數(shù)。例如，一個旅客信息系統(tǒng)提供關(guān)于酒店、路邊服務(wù)的信息及類似信息給乘車的旅客。有關(guān)當(dāng)前道路前放服務(wù)的查詢必須根據(jù)用戶的位置、移動的方向及速度進行處理。能源（電池能源）對應(yīng)動計算機來說是有限的資源，這一限制影響了系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的許多方面。能源效率需求最有趣的結(jié)果之一的使用計劃的數(shù)據(jù)廣播來減少傳輸查詢中移動系統(tǒng)的需求。越來越多的數(shù)據(jù)會放在由用戶管理、而不是由數(shù)據(jù)庫管理員管理的計算機上，并且這些計算機有時可能與網(wǎng)絡(luò)斷開連接?？偨Y(jié)隨著企業(yè)認(rèn)識到聯(lián)機事務(wù)處理系統(tǒng)收集的聯(lián)機數(shù)據(jù)的價值，決策支持系統(tǒng)也越發(fā)變得重要了?，F(xiàn)已提出SQL擴展，如cube操作，能幫助系統(tǒng)生成匯總數(shù)據(jù)。數(shù)據(jù)挖掘致力于從大數(shù)據(jù)庫中自動發(fā)現(xiàn)統(tǒng)計規(guī)律和模式等知識。數(shù)據(jù)可視化系統(tǒng)幫助人們從視覺上發(fā)現(xiàn)這些知識。目前，空間數(shù)據(jù)庫正越來越多的被應(yīng)用于存儲計算機輔助設(shè)計數(shù)據(jù)和地理數(shù)據(jù)。設(shè)計數(shù)據(jù)基本上是以矢量數(shù)據(jù)的形式存儲，而地理數(shù)據(jù)則包含矢量數(shù)據(jù)和光柵數(shù)據(jù)。多媒體數(shù)據(jù)庫正變得越來越重要?；谙嗨菩缘牟樵円约鞍纯梢源_保的速率傳送數(shù)據(jù)是當(dāng)前研究的重要課題。移動計算系統(tǒng)的普及使人們對這類系統(tǒng)上運行的數(shù)據(jù)庫產(chǎn)生了濃厚的興趣。在這類系統(tǒng)上的查詢處理可能會設(shè)計在服務(wù)器端數(shù)據(jù)庫上的查找。第四篇：畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯外文原文Overview of JSp TechnologyBenefits of JSpJSp pages are translated into , fundamentally, any task JSp pages can perform could also be acplished by , this underlying equivalence does not mean that servlets and JSp pages are equally appropriate in all issue is not the power of the technology, it is the convenience, productivity, and maintainability of one or the all, anything you can do on a particular puter platform in the Java programming language you could also do in assembly it still matters which you provides the following benefits over servlets alone:?It is easier to write and maintain the static code is ordinary HTML: no extra backslashes, no double quotes, and no lurking Java syntax.?You can use standard Website development HTML tools that know nothing about JSp can be used because they simply ignore the JSp tags.?You can divide up your development Java programmers can work on the dynamic Web developers can concentrate on the presentation large projects, this division is very on the size of your team and the plexity of your project, you can enforce a weaker or stronger separation between the static HTML and the dynamic , this discussion is not to say that you should stop using servlets and use only JSp no all projects will use some requests in your project, you will use others, you will use still others, you will bine them with the MVC want the appropriate tool for the job, and servlets, by themselves, do not plete your of JSp Over Competing TechnologiesA number of years ago, Marty was invited to attend a small 20person industry roundtable discussion on software in the seat next to Marty was James Gosling, inventor of the Java programming several seats away was a highlevel manager from a very large software pany in Redmond, the discussion, the moderator brought up the subject of Jini, which at that time was a new Java moderator asked the manager what he thought of it, and the manager responded that it was too early to tell, but that it seemed to be an excellent went on to say that they would keep an eye on it, and if it seemed to be catching on, they would follow his pany39。s usual “embrace and extend” this point, Gosling lightheartedly interjected “You mean disgrace and distend.”Now, the grievance that Gosling was airing was that he felt that this pany would take technology from other panies and suborn it for their own guess what? The shoe is on the other foot Java munity did not invent the idea of designing pages as a mixture of static HTML and dynamic code marked with special example, ColdFusion did it years ASp(a product from the very software pany of the aforementioned manager)popularized this approach before JSp came along and decided to jump on the fact, JSp not only adopted the general idea, it even used many of the same special tags as ASp , the question bees: why use JSp instead of one of these other technologies? Our first response is that we are not arguing that everyone of those other technologies are quite good and are reasonable options in some other situations, however, JSp is clearly are a few of the and Active Server pages(ASp).NET is welldesigned technology from is the part that directly petes with servlets and advantages of JSp are , JSp is portable to multiple operating systems and Web servers。you aren39。t locked into deploying on Windows and the platform runs on a few nonWindows platforms, the ASp part does cannot expect to deploy serious applications on multiple servers and operating some applications, this difference does not others, it m