【導(dǎo)讀】同時(shí)期的維納發(fā)表了控制論，他認(rèn)為管理是一個(gè)控制過程。信息，以幫助他們進(jìn)行決策。標(biāo)、功能和組成，而且反映了管理信息系統(tǒng)在當(dāng)時(shí)達(dá)到的水平。機(jī)構(gòu)和實(shí)施機(jī)構(gòu)，他們?cè)谙到y(tǒng)中起主導(dǎo)作用。MIS是一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)工程，尤其是企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的積極參與。計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)是MIS得以實(shí)施的主要技術(shù)。發(fā)是MIS開發(fā)的重點(diǎn)。企業(yè)的管理數(shù)據(jù)是MIS正常運(yùn)行的基礎(chǔ)。廣義地說，各項(xiàng)管理制度是MIS建設(shè)成功的基礎(chǔ)。把內(nèi)部的處理、加工與人機(jī)界面混在一起，以免互相干擾，影響速度。報(bào)表打印是MIS必備的功能之一，而且打印之前常常需要計(jì)算。計(jì)算與打印分開設(shè)計(jì)，雖然消耗時(shí)間，但易于整個(gè)MIS系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)。一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的MIS軟件應(yīng)該提供在線求助功能，甚至提供使用向?qū)В鄶?shù)MIS軟件的數(shù)據(jù)輸入量較大。MIS系統(tǒng)的滿意程度愈高。計(jì)，可以避免此類因素造成的錯(cuò)誤。生年齡時(shí)，不妨根據(jù)實(shí)際情況將范圍限制在15～20之間。

　　

【正文】 ng in a draft, which last affliction filled her with apprehensions for the morrow. Any girl reader who has suffered like afflictions will sympathize with poor Amy and wish her we ll through her task. There was great indignation at home when she told her story that evening. Her m other said it was a shame, but told her she had done right. Beth declared she wouldn39。t go to the fair at all, and Jo demanded why she didn39。t take all her pretty things and leave those mean people to get on without her. Because they are mean is no reason why i should be. I hate such things, and though I think I39。ve a right to be hurt, I don39。t intend to show it. They will feel that more than angry speeches or huffy actions, won39。t they, Marmee? That39。s the right spirit, my dear. A kiss for a blow is always best, though it39。s not very easy to give it sometimes, said her mother, with the air of one who had learned the difference be tween preaching and practicing. In spite of various very natural temptations to resent and retaliate, Amy adhered to her resolution all the next day, bent on conquering her enemy by kindness. She began well, thanks to a silent reminder that came to her unexpectedly, but most oppor tunely. As she arranged her table that morning, w hile the little girls were in the anteroom filling the baske ts, she took up her pet production, a little book, the antique cover of which her father had found among his treasures, and in which on leaves of vellum she had beautifully illuminated dif ferent texts. As she turned the pages rich in dainty devices wit h very pardonable pride, her eye fell upon one verse that made her stop and think. Framed in a brilliant scrollwor k of scarlet, blue and gold, with little spirits of good will helping one another up and dow n among the thorns and flowers, were the words, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. I ought, but I don39。t, thought Amy, as her eye went from the bright page to May39。s discontented face behind the big vases, th at could not hide the vacancies her pretty work had once filled. Amy stood a minute, turning the leaves in her hand, reading on each some sweet rebuke for all heartburnings and uncharitableness of spirit. Many wise and true sermons are preached us every day by unconscious ministers in street, school, office, or home. Even a fair table may bee a pulpit, if it can offer the good and helpful words which are never out of season. Amy39。s conscience preached her a little sermon from that text, then and there, and she did what many of us do not always do, took the sermon to heart, and straightway put it in practice. A group of girls were standing about May39。s table, admiring the pretty things, and talking over the change of saleswomen. They dropped their voices, but Amy knew they were speaking of her, hearing one side of the story and judging accordingly. It was not pleasant, but a better spirit had e over her, and presently a chance offered for proving it. She heard May say sorrowfully... It39。s too bad, for there is no time to make other things, and I don39。t want to fill up with odds and ends. The table was just plete then. Now it39。s spoiled. I dare say she39。d put them back if you asked her, suggested someone. How could I after all the fuss? began May, but she did not finish, for Amy39。s voice came across the hall, saying pleasantly... You may have them, and wele, without asking, if you want them. I was just thinking I39。d offer to put them back, for they belong to your table rather than mine. Here they are, please take them, and five me if I was hasty in carrying them away last night. As she spoke, Amy returned her contribution, with a nod and a smile, and hurried away again, feeling that it was easier to do a friendly thing than it was to stay and be thanked for it. Now, I call that lovely of her, don39。t you? cried one girl. May39。s answer was inaudible, but another young lady, whose temper was evidently a little soured by making lemonade, added, with a disagreeable laugh, Very lovely, for she knew she wouldn39。t sell them at her own table. Now, that was hard. When we ma ke little sacrifices we like to have them appreciated, at least, and for a minute Amy was sorry she had done it, feeling that virtue was not always its won reward. But it is, as she presently discovered, for her spirits began to rise, and her table to blossom under her skillful hands, the girls were very kind, and that one little act seemed to have cleared the atmosphere amazingly. It was a very long day and a hard one for Amy, as she sat behind her table, of ten quite alone, for the little girls deserted very soon. Few cared to buy flowers in summer, and her bouquets began to droop long before night. The art table was the most attractive in the room. T here was a crowd about it all day long, and the tenders were constantly flying to and fro w ith important faces and rattling money boxes. Amy often looked wistfully across, longing to be there, where she felt at home and happy, instead of in a corner with nothing to do. It might seem no hardship to some of us, but to a pretty, blithe young girl, it was not only tedious, but very trying, and the thought of Laurie and his friends made it a real martyrdom. She did not go home till night, and then she looked so pale and quiet that they knew the day had been a hard one, though she made no plaint, and did not even tell what she had done. Her mother gave her an extra cordial cup of tea. Beth helped her dress,and made a charming little wreath for her hair, while Jo astonished her fa mily by getting herself up with unusual care, and hinting darkly that the tables were about to be turned. Don39。t do anything rude, pray Jo. I won39。t have any fuss made, so let it all pass and behave yourself, begged Amy, as she dep arted early, hoping to find a reinforcement of flowers to refresh her poor little table. I m