【正文】 ing at home． 2)賓語從句 賓語從句可由 that, 疑問代詞或副詞 how， why和 where等引出。例如： To postpone the conference until next month indicated that they were unprepared． Nearly a11 the staff agreed with what I said． Everyone worried about her because no one was aware of where she had gone． Could you offer more details except that it happened at night? 由 what， whether， how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可用在介詞后，而由 that引導(dǎo)的從句只跟 but， besides， except， in, save之后。例如 : I can hardly believe in what they have doesn’t know my phone number except that the city code is 021. 一些表語性的形容詞，如： alarmed， amazed， annoyed， astonished, certain， confident, disappointed, glad, pleased, proud, sad, shocked, sure, surprised, worried, ，后面可跟由 that, how等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例如： I was amazed how he could pass the exam without attending the lectures． He is confident that he will pass the Band 6 examination． She was surprised how simple his problem is． We are all pleased that he will be able to pass the final )表語從句 表語從句對主語的內(nèi)容起解釋和闡述的作用；若表語從句用 that引起， that 起連接作用，不能省略。b表語從句也可用連接詞 how， when， where， why， what引起。由 because引起的表語 從句通常只用在 “this／ that／ it is because” 結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如： A logarithm(對數(shù) )is what is known in algebra exponent(代數(shù)的指數(shù) )． One thing I admire most about them is that they are hospitable． She works too hard；That is why she is exhausted． I must point out that where you intend to build a supermarket is where the elderly do exercise every day． 4)同位語從句 同位語從句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上同一層次語言單位組成的結(jié)構(gòu)，其中前項(xiàng)與后項(xiàng)所指相同，句法功能相同。同位語從句由 that引導(dǎo)，也可由 whether， how， why， where, when等來引導(dǎo)。例如： She ignored the teacher39。s instruction that she must study hard． The question whether or not I should help him in such a case troubled me greatly． 第四節(jié) 動(dòng)詞不定式 1．不定式的基本形式與結(jié)構(gòu) 動(dòng)詞不定式指通常由 to加上動(dòng)詞原形 (如 to write)所構(gòu)成的一種非限定性動(dòng)詞形式，但在有些情況下to 可以省略。動(dòng)詞不定式有進(jìn)行體和完成體 (如上 to be writing， to have written)，也有被動(dòng)態(tài) (如 to be written)，所有的主動(dòng)詞，不論是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞，也不論是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞還是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，都有不定式形式 。助動(dòng)詞除 be 和 have 外 , 沒有不定式形式。動(dòng)詞不定式在語法功能上可作主語、賓語、表語、定語和狀語。 2．不定式的用法 1)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語 Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago． To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge． 在上述情況下，如果不 定式較長，顯得頭重腳輕，則可由代詞讓作形式主語 (形式主語 it 不可由 that或 this等其他代詞代替 )，而將不定式放到后面。如： It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago． John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time． 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)所表示的動(dòng)作是誰做的，即不定式的邏輯主語，通?？梢酝ㄟ^ for do ： It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review． It is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the (如 careless， clever， considerate， foolish，good， impolite， kind, naughty， nice， silly， stupid等 )作表語時(shí)，不定式后可以加 of來引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語： It is very kind of you to tell me the truth． It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing． 2)不定式作賓語 不定式作賓語有兩種：一種是及物動(dòng)詞后直接跟帶 to 的不定式 , 另一種是 “ 及物動(dòng)詞 +疑問詞 +帶 to的不定式。及物動(dòng)詞 +帶 to 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu) : 只能跟動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞，常見的有 : afford, agree, aim, appear, ask, believe, care， claim， decide demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, pretend, promise, prepare, refuse, seek, swear, undertake， want, wish等。 He managed to solve the plicated stranger offered to show me the undertook to build a new plant in South +疑問代 (副 )詞 +不定式： 這類動(dòng)詞常見的有 advise, decide, find out, fet, inquire, know, learn, see, regard, remember, teach, tell, understand, wonder等。常見的疑問代 (副 )詞有 : what, when, where, which, how, whether等。 He does not know when to can decide whether to continue or to will show you how to deal with ，不定式可由 it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。這可以用這一結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)：動(dòng)詞(如 find, think， consider， feel等 )+it+ 形容詞 +不定式。 She considers it necessary to make friends with find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’) 不定式做表語 一種情況為主語是不定式 (表示條件 )；表語也是不定式 (表示結(jié)果 )： To see is to work means to earn a living． 另一種情況為主語是以 aim， duty， hope, idea， job, plan， problem, purpose， thing， wish等名詞為中心的 短語，或以 what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不定式表語對主語起補(bǔ)充說明作用： His aim is to study abroad in the near future． The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the price． What I want to say is to fet all the unhappy experience． 4)不定式作定語 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作名詞詞組修飾語主要有三種類型： 第一種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定 式的邏輯賓語。例如： There was really nothing to fear． He gave me an interesting book to read． 如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面就得加相應(yīng)的介詞。例如： Mary needs a friend to play with． That girl has nothing to worry about． They have a strict teacher to listen to． Although the film had been on for ten minutes, I still was not able to find a chair to sit on． 第二種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的邏輯主語；例如： Have you got a key to unlock the door? The action to be taken is correct． There is nothing to be gained by pretending． 第三種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的同位結(jié)構(gòu)。這類名詞通常是表示企圖、努力、傾向、目的、愿望、 is算、能力、意向等意義的名詞： ability, attempt, effort, impulse, inclination,wish等。例如： Her daughter will make an even bigger effort to please her． I have no wishto quarrel withyou． Neither of them had any inclination to do business with )不定式作狀語 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語通常都能轉(zhuǎn)換為限制 性狀語從句。例如作原因狀語： They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the area． They are quite surprised because they see the great changes taking place in the area． He was lucky to arrive before dark． He was lucky because he arrived before dark． 作目的狀語： She raised her voice to be heared better． She raised her voice so that she could heard better． We went via Heidelberg to miss the traffic jam． We went via Heidelberg so that we could miss the traffic jam． 作結(jié)果狀語： The French football team played so successfully as to defeat the Brazilians． The French football team played so successfully that they even defeated the Brazilians． He got to the station only to be told the train had gone． He got to the station and was told that the train had gone． 不帶 to的不定式 的使用 動(dòng)詞不定式通常帶 to，但在有些搭配中不帶 to，在另一些搭配中可帶 to 可不帶 to。歸納起來，以下情況下使用不帶 to 不定式： 1)在 can／ could, /may／ might， will／ would， shall