【導(dǎo)讀】做這個(gè)分析的另一個(gè)原因是幫助生態(tài)系統(tǒng)協(xié)調(diào)員管理他們的生態(tài)系。件生態(tài)系統(tǒng)本身和軟件生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的不同特點(diǎn)的分析。基于進(jìn)行可用數(shù)據(jù)集的分析，然后，活躍開發(fā)者的數(shù)量從2020年的31人以指數(shù)級(jí)增長到2020年12. 這些結(jié)果可以能夠幫助建立一個(gè)Python生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的未來戰(zhàn)略。個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)上，有必要安排Python生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的持續(xù)增長。來越多的無法使用的功能，并最終促成一個(gè)不健康的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。免費(fèi)開源軟件生態(tài)系統(tǒng)將為其開發(fā)人員確保跟大的社會(huì)福利。一個(gè)FOSSE的分析可以是有益的，是必要的為了產(chǎn)生最大的利潤。征被認(rèn)為是相同的，并且將被稱為特征貫穿全文。本文的目的是表明FOSSE的哪些特征可以被識(shí)別。述了PythonFOSSE的數(shù)據(jù)挖掘和數(shù)據(jù)分析過程。有助于更加深入的定義描述FOSSE特征的總集。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在各種各樣的調(diào)查中已經(jīng)被研究。內(nèi)部特征顯示SECO的總體信。者，聯(lián)絡(luò)人和代表。代理和網(wǎng)橋在優(yōu)先規(guī)定的。領(lǐng)域內(nèi)也需要被解釋。關(guān)鍵角色創(chuàng)造和維護(hù)的關(guān)鍵平臺(tái)。因此本文的重點(diǎn)是開發(fā)了Pythoneggs作為附加在實(shí)際Python語言作為關(guān)鍵平

　　

【正文】 g the findings of other studies. These other studies are further elaborated in the following paragraphs. According to Iyer, Lee, and Venkatraman [7], there are three parts that are important in most works: the Hub, the Broker, and the Bridge. Iyer et al. describe hubs as being firms with a disproportionately high number of links. Brokers are firms that creates a connection between two other firms. Brokers can be further categorized by a number of roles. Hanneman and Riddle [8] distinguish five different roles: Consultant, Coordinator, Gatekeeper, Liaison and Representative. Lastly, bridges are links critical to the overall connectedness within the work. According to Jansen et al. [4], bridges are mere properties of roles than actual parts of an ecosystem. In order to use the definition of Iyer et al., it is necessary to translate them to a FOSSE definition. Hubs can be translated to developers with a high number of links to other developers. Brokers and bridges also need to be translated in the prior stated manor. The players within an ecosystem can be described as being a Keystone player, a Niche player, or a Dominator. Like the hubs, the definitions of these players are applicable for firms within a market. The translation of the players has already been done by Jansen et al. [4]. As stated by Iansiti and Levien [13], niche players add parts to the keystone platform, which is created and maintained by the keystone players. The conducted research is done based on socalled Python eggs. The focus of the paper is therefore on the niche players, who develop the Python eggs as addons to the actual Python language as being the keystone platform. According to Hagel, Brown, and Davison [9], the niche players can be one of the following: an Influencer, a Hedger, or a Disciple. Although these roles are relevant for the pleteness of the model, these roles will not be further studied. The roles are applicable for the first SECO scope level, which is beyond the scope of the research. Kabbedijk and Jansen [3] studied the Ruby FOSSE and specified three roles: the Networker, the One Day Fly, and the Lone Wolf. The workers are developers in the ecosystem that cooperates with other developers and play a large role in the SECO in terms of downloads. The one day flies are developers who only made a single contribution to the ecosystem. The lone wolf is a developer that has produced important parts for the ecosystem, but has no connections with other developers. As stated in the introduction, the goal of the paper is to see which characteristics can be found within a FOSSE. On the second SECO level, the research will search for the three specified roles: the workers, the one day flies, and the lone wolves. Next to the different elements that take part within a SECO, the ecosystem can be defined by health characteristics. The health characteristic is an important indicator of an ecosystem and has been studied in multiple researches, including by Den Hartigh, Vissher, Tol, and Salas [10], Wynn [11], and Iansiti and Richards [12]. A plete set of health characteristics has yet to be created or translated for the purpose of measuring the health of a FOSSE. Therefore, the research for the health characteristic will only focus on the growth and evolution over time. III. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The goal of the paper is to identify the elements, properties and characteristics of a FOSSE. The main research question the paper answers is described as: RQ What are the defining characteristics of a large scale FOSSE? The research question will be answered using a number of subquestions. Knowledge of the elements within a FOSSE is needed in order to conduct an analysis of the ecosystem. Only then can the analysis help stakeholders and coordinators. This leads to the following subquestion: SQ1 What elements exists within a FOSSE? As derived from the literature research, a FOSSE can be defined by a number of other characteristics: the internal characteristics, the different roles of the actors within the ecosystem, and lastly by its growth or evolution over time. This leads to the following three subquestions: SQ2 What are the characteristics of a FOSSE? SQ3 Which roles are played by the elements within the ecosystem? SQ4 What characteristics does a FOSSE have when looking at its growth and evolution? IV. CASE DESCRIPTION AND DATA GATHERING Python is an interpreted, interactive, objectiveoriented, opensource, and highlevel general purpose programming language. It provides highlevel data structures, such as lists and associative arrays, dynamic typing and dynamic binding, modules, classes, exceptions, automatic memory management, etc. [14]. Python appeared in 1991, designed by the Dutchman Guido van Rossum and developed by the Python Software Foundation. To extend the Python language, developers are able to create packages, which are called Python eggs [15]. No restrictions lay on the number of eggs that a developer can create. The eggs can be created by developers that work alone or in collaboration with other developers. The dataset showed that the Python eggs first appeared in 2020. A Python egg is described as a logical structure embodying the release of a specific version of a Python project, prising its code, resources, and meta data. Because of the flexibility of the language, the Python eggs do not have to be written in the Python language. The eggs can also be written in the programming languages C, C++, Java using Jython, and .NET using IronPython○ 1 . After creating an egg, it can be uploaded onto the official Pyton webpage○ 2 , where it is stored into a database. In order to utilize an egg in a specific project, the egg needs to be downloaded