【導(dǎo)讀】名詞可以分為專有名詞和普通名詞。等專有的名稱，如Beijing，China等。中的個(gè)體，如：gun。的集合體，如：family。質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：work。目計(jì)算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞。)以y1結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，Germans；Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是theBowmans。但除人民幣元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。aperson，apoliceman，aheadofcattle,theEnglish，theBritish，the. French，theChinese，theJapanese，theSwiss等名詞，表示國(guó)民總稱時(shí)，作復(fù)。c.theUnitedStates，theUnitedNations應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。1945年組建起來的。d.以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名，劇名，報(bào)紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事書。5)表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses(眼鏡)trousers,c.當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。我國(guó)因茶葉而聞名。

　　

【正文】 t week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 Where did you go just now? 2） 表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm wele. 3） 句型： It is time for sb. to do sth 到 …… 時(shí)間了 該 …… 了 It is time sb. did sth. 時(shí)間已遲了 早該 …… 了 It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。 It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示 39。寧愿某人做某事 39。 I39。d rather you came tomorrow. 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問、請(qǐng)求、建議等。 I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。 ? 比較： 一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。 Christine was an invalid all her life. (含義：她已不在人間。 ) Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著 ) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。 ) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去 ) 注意： 用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。 1）動(dòng)詞 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。 Did you want anything else? I wondered if you could help me. 2） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would. Could you lend me your bike? （ P108 略） 1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀 態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去 但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或 狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成： have (has) +過去分詞。 ? (2)用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型 ? 1） It is the first / second time… . that… 結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2） This is the… that… 結(jié)構(gòu)， that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) . This is the best film that I39。ve (ever) seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。 This is the first time (that) I39。ve heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。 ? 典型例題 (1) Do you know our town at all? No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am ing 答案 B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選 B。 ? 2) Have you ____ been to our town before? No, it39。s the first time I ___ here. A. even, e B. even, have e C. ever, e D. ever, have e 答案 D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時(shí)，反意詞為never， 此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +thatclause 的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。 注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。 （錯(cuò)） I have received his letter for a month. （ 對(duì)） I haven39。t received his letter for almost a month. ? 3比較過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) ? 1）過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 2）過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用，或無時(shí)間狀語。 一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語 : yesterday, last week， …ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語 共同的時(shí)間狀語 : this morning, tonight,this April, now, once， before, already, recently， lately 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 不確定的時(shí)間狀語 ? 3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如 live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有 e, go, leave, start, die, finish, bee, get married等。 舉例： I saw this film yesterday. （ 強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了。） I have seen this film. （ 強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。） Why did you get up so early? （ 強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了。） Who hasn‘t handed in his paper? （ 強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。） She has returned from Paris. 她已從巴黎回來了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回來了。 He has been in the League for three years. (在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù) ) He has been a League member for three years. (是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù) ) ? He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入團(tuán)， joined為短暫行為。 ) I have finished my homework now. Will somebody go and get Dr. White? He39。s already been sent for. 句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960） 時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過去時(shí)。 （錯(cuò)） Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （ 對(duì)） Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. ? 4比較 since和 for ? Since 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間， for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。 I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born.. My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl. My brother has been in the Youth League for two years. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time. 注意：并非有 for 作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。 ) I have worked here for many years. (現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。 ) ? 小竅門： 當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) +一段時(shí)間，這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化，很容易就能排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤使。 1) (對(duì) ) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2) (錯(cuò) ) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. ? 1) 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié) 果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語連用。 He has pleted the work. 他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 (表結(jié)果 ) I?ve known him since then. 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。 (表經(jīng)歷 ) 2) 用于 till / until從句的差異 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示 “ 做 …… 直到 …… ” 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示 “ 到 …… ，才 …… ” He didn?t e back until ten o?clock. 他到 10 點(diǎn)才回來。 He slept until ten o?clock. 他一直睡到 10點(diǎn)。 ? 將來一般時(shí) ? ? 1) shall用于第一人稱，常被 will 所代替。 will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭(zhēng)求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。 Which paragraph shall I read first. Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2) be going to +不定式，表示將來。 a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。 What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 3) be +不定式表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4) be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意： be about to 不能與 tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。 ? ? going to / will