foundationsofplanning7-資料下載頁(yè)
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【正文】 hether goals are being met. 1. What changes are needed in mission, resources, or goals? 18 Copyright 169。 2023 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. * Developing Plans ? Contingency Factors in A Manager’s Planning ?Manager’s level in the anization ?Strategic plans at higher levels ?Operational plans at lower levels ?Degree of environmental uncertainty ?Stable environment: specific plans ?Dynamic environment: specific but flexible plans ?Length of future mitments ?Current plans affecting future mitments must be sufficiently longterm to meet the mitments. 19 Copyright 169。 2023 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. * Approaches to Planning ? Establishing a formal planning department ?A group of planning specialists who help managers write anizational plans. ?Planning is a function of management, should never bee the sole responsibility of planners. ? Involving anizational members in the process ?Plans are developed by members of anizational units at various levels and then coordinated with other units across the anization. 20 Copyright 169。 2023 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. * Contemporary Issues in Planning ? Criticisms of Planning ?Planning may create rigidity. ?Plans cannot be developed for dynamic environments. ?Formal plans cannot replace intuition and creativity. ?Planning focuses managers’ attention on today’s petition not tomorrow’s survival. ?Formal planning reinforces success, which may lead to failure. 21 Copyright 169。 2023 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. * Contemporary Issues in Planning (cont’d) ? Effective Planning in Dynamic Environments ?Develop plans that are specific but flexible. ?Understand that planning is an ongoing process. ?Change plans when conditions warrant. ?Persistence in planning eventually pay off. ?Flatten the anizational hierarchy to foster the development of planning skills at all anizational levels. 22 Copyright 169。 2023 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. * 演講完畢，謝謝觀看！
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