第二章勞動生產(chǎn)率和比較優(yōu)勢李嘉圖模型-資料下載頁
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【正文】 w*. 25 Comparative Advantage with Many Goods 多產(chǎn)品模型中的比較優(yōu)勢 35 Table 24: Home and Foreign Unit Labor Requirements 36 ? 哪個國家生產(chǎn)哪些產(chǎn)品 Which country produces which goods? – A country has a cost advantage in any good for which its relative productivity is higher than its relative wage.（取決于相對工資率和相對生產(chǎn)效率） ? If, for example, w/w* = 3, Home will produce apples, bananas, and caviar, while Foreign will produce only dates and enchiladas. ? Both countries will gain from this specialization. 37 ? Determining the Relative Wage in the Multigood Model（多產(chǎn)品模型中相對工資的決定） – To determine relative wages in a multigood economy we must look behind the relative demand for goods (., the relative derived demand).（通過相對勞動需求與供給來決定－對勞動力的相對需求是根據(jù)對能生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品推算出來的派生需求） – The relative demand for Home labor depends negatively on the ratio of Home to Foreign wages.（當(dāng)本國對外國的相對工資率上升時，對本國勞動的相對派生需求將減少。兩個原因：一是本國生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品價格更高，二是本國能生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品種類減少） 38 3 10 Apples 8 Bananas 4 Caviar 2 Dates Enchiladas RD Figure 25: Determination of Relative Wages RS Relative wage Rate, w/w* Relative quantity of labor, L/L* 39 26 運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用和非貿(mào)易品 Adding Transport Costs and Nontraded Goods ? 國際經(jīng)濟(jì)中，專業(yè)分工不是極端的原因有三個（ There are three main reasons why specialization in the real international economy is not extreme） : – 多種要素 The existence of more than one factor of production. – 貿(mào)易保護(hù) Countries sometimes protect industries from foreign petition. – 運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用和非貿(mào)易品 It is costly to transport goods and services. ? The result of introducing transport costs makes some goods nontraded. ? In some cases transportation is virtually impossible. – Example: Services such as haircuts and auto repair cannot be traded internationally. 40 1975年 1985年 1995年 Developed countries America Canada Australia 1. 118 Japan France Germany Britain Switzerland 41 1975年 1985年 1995年 Developing Countries 1. 118 1. 114 Africa 1. 126 1. 120 Asia 1. 088 1. 087 Middle East 1. 105 1. 097 western hemisphere 1. 091 1. 090 FIF＝ （ CIF） /（ FOB） 42 27 Empirical Evidence on the Ricardian Model Figure 26: Productivity and Exports 43 ? MacDougall(1951） ? Balassa(1963） ? Stephen (1995) 44 ? . 45 46 ? . 47 Reading ? 邵潤堂、張華（ 1999）： 比較優(yōu)勢、競爭優(yōu)勢及國際競爭力，《經(jīng)濟(jì)問題》第 4期 ? 洪銀興（ 1997）：從比較優(yōu)勢到競爭優(yōu)勢 ——兼論國際貿(mào)易的比較利益理論的缺陷，《經(jīng)濟(jì)研究》第 6期 ? 符正平（ 1999）： 比較優(yōu)勢與競爭優(yōu)勢的比較分析 —— 兼論新競爭經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)及其啟示，《國際貿(mào)易問題》第 8期 48 Question 作業(yè)： P35, 3， 5 思考： 石油價格由勞動價值決定嗎？ 中東產(chǎn)油國的財富來自國民的勤勞還是上帝的恩施？ 如何評價美國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長中知識貢獻(xiàn)已占 42%。 49
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