第二章勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和比較優(yōu)勢(shì)李嘉圖模型-資料下載頁(yè)
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【正文】 w*. 25 Comparative Advantage with Many Goods 多產(chǎn)品模型中的比較優(yōu)勢(shì) 35 Table 24: Home and Foreign Unit Labor Requirements 36 ? 哪個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)哪些產(chǎn)品 Which country produces which goods? – A country has a cost advantage in any good for which its relative productivity is higher than its relative wage.（取決于相對(duì)工資率和相對(duì)生產(chǎn)效率） ? If, for example, w/w* = 3, Home will produce apples, bananas, and caviar, while Foreign will produce only dates and enchiladas. ? Both countries will gain from this specialization. 37 ? Determining the Relative Wage in the Multigood Model（多產(chǎn)品模型中相對(duì)工資的決定） – To determine relative wages in a multigood economy we must look behind the relative demand for goods (., the relative derived demand).（通過(guò)相對(duì)勞動(dòng)需求與供給來(lái)決定－對(duì)勞動(dòng)力的相對(duì)需求是根據(jù)對(duì)能生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品推算出來(lái)的派生需求） – The relative demand for Home labor depends negatively on the ratio of Home to Foreign wages.（當(dāng)本國(guó)對(duì)外國(guó)的相對(duì)工資率上升時(shí)，對(duì)本國(guó)勞動(dòng)的相對(duì)派生需求將減少。兩個(gè)原因：一是本國(guó)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格更高，二是本國(guó)能生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品種類減少） 38 3 10 Apples 8 Bananas 4 Caviar 2 Dates Enchiladas RD Figure 25: Determination of Relative Wages RS Relative wage Rate, w/w* Relative quantity of labor, L/L* 39 26 運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用和非貿(mào)易品 Adding Transport Costs and Nontraded Goods ? 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)中，專業(yè)分工不是極端的原因有三個(gè)（ There are three main reasons why specialization in the real international economy is not extreme） : – 多種要素 The existence of more than one factor of production. – 貿(mào)易保護(hù) Countries sometimes protect industries from foreign petition. – 運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用和非貿(mào)易品 It is costly to transport goods and services. ? The result of introducing transport costs makes some goods nontraded. ? In some cases transportation is virtually impossible. – Example: Services such as haircuts and auto repair cannot be traded internationally. 40 1975年 1985年 1995年 Developed countries America Canada Australia 1. 118 Japan France Germany Britain Switzerland 41 1975年 1985年 1995年 Developing Countries 1. 118 1. 114 Africa 1. 126 1. 120 Asia 1. 088 1. 087 Middle East 1. 105 1. 097 western hemisphere 1. 091 1. 090 FIF＝ （ CIF） /（ FOB） 42 27 Empirical Evidence on the Ricardian Model Figure 26: Productivity and Exports 43 ? MacDougall(1951） ? Balassa(1963） ? Stephen (1995) 44 ? . 45 46 ? . 47 Reading ? 邵潤(rùn)堂、張華（ 1999）： 比較優(yōu)勢(shì)、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)及國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，《經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題》第 4期 ? 洪銀興（ 1997）：從比較優(yōu)勢(shì)到競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì) ——兼論國(guó)際貿(mào)易的比較利益理論的缺陷，《經(jīng)濟(jì)研究》第 6期 ? 符正平（ 1999）： 比較優(yōu)勢(shì)與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的比較分析 —— 兼論新競(jìng)爭(zhēng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)及其啟示，《國(guó)際貿(mào)易問(wèn)題》第 8期 48 Question 作業(yè)： P35, 3， 5 思考： 石油價(jià)格由勞動(dòng)價(jià)值決定嗎？ 中東產(chǎn)油國(guó)的財(cái)富來(lái)自國(guó)民的勤勞還是上帝的恩施？ 如何評(píng)價(jià)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)中知識(shí)貢獻(xiàn)已占 42%。 49
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