style在英語(yǔ)中有多種語(yǔ)義早在13世紀(jì)wtx-資料下載頁(yè)
2024-10-09 14:54本頁(yè)面
【正文】 和情感意義是十分敏感的。它不是一種“中性”口音，伴隨它的“高貴”、“高威望”、“高修養(yǎng)”的蘊(yùn)意之外，還有它的消極蘊(yùn)意，如“保守”，“勢(shì)利”等，甚至還可以引起心理上的“敵對(duì)”情緒的一面。 港灣英語(yǔ)口音介于 ，是一種 “ 中性口音 ” ， 在很大程度上模糊了社會(huì)階層的界限 ， 避免因語(yǔ)音上的差異導(dǎo)致中層社會(huì)與下層社會(huì)之間對(duì)立情緒的產(chǎn)生 。 在英國(guó)的商業(yè)界 ， 說 港灣英語(yǔ)口音就是為了對(duì)客戶擺出更加友好的姿態(tài) ， 使他們相互建立信任 ， 避免因 極情感語(yǔ)義造成有疏遠(yuǎn)顧客之嫌 ,或讓顧客產(chǎn)生 “ 敬而遠(yuǎn)之 ” 的心理 。 對(duì)于許多在社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì) 、政治的浪潮中沉浮不定的人來說 ， 使用港灣英語(yǔ)口音能使他們更好地適應(yīng)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的變化 。 由于港灣英語(yǔ)口音可以掩飾一個(gè)人的社會(huì)與經(jīng)濟(jì)地位 ， 這就使得港灣英語(yǔ)使用者在社會(huì)中處于逆境時(shí) ， 不因使用下層社會(huì)方言而受社會(huì)歧視 ， 也不因擠入上層社會(huì)因使用 認(rèn)為是 “ 保守 ” 、 “ 傳統(tǒng) ” 、 勢(shì)利等 。 2．社會(huì)關(guān)系的修正在文體修正中的體現(xiàn) 由于文體信息可以調(diào)劑人與人之間的社會(huì)關(guān)系，因此對(duì)文體的修正也是對(duì)人與人之間社會(huì)關(guān)系的修正。 John Gumperz (1971)曾經(jīng)指出 : One‘s choice of linguistic alternants reflects the positions actors (parties in an interaction)assume relative to each other.‖。使用不同的言語(yǔ)形式從一個(gè)側(cè)面反映出人與人之間存在的不同的社會(huì)關(guān)系。如果文體的選用對(duì)于交際的一方來說不得體，傳遞了錯(cuò)誤的社會(huì)信息，那么他就會(huì)對(duì)文體進(jìn)行必要的修正，以使交際雙方回到正確、得體的社會(huì)關(guān)系基礎(chǔ)之上進(jìn)行交際。 一般來說，交際中，都是由身份較高的一方對(duì)文體層次進(jìn)行定調(diào)，而身份較低的一方在文體的選擇上只是隨從社會(huì)地位較高的人。 B. Malinowski(18871942)在語(yǔ)言學(xué)中創(chuàng)造了 “ phatic munion‖(寒暄交談 )這一術(shù)語(yǔ)，指用固定的短語(yǔ)，如： “ How are you?‖ ,―How do you do?‖, ―Nice day!‖等進(jìn)行寒暄性交際。他認(rèn)為這些話語(yǔ)不包含信息交流的意義，只用以建立說話人之間的社會(huì)接觸，或用以避免難堪的沉默。 但是在實(shí)際交際中 ， 這些 ―寒暄性 ‖交際語(yǔ)并不只是為了避免難堪的沉默 ， 也不只是為了建立社會(huì)接觸 ， 它們具有為交際的文體進(jìn)行定調(diào)的功能從而使雙方能在得體的 ， 體現(xiàn)雙方應(yīng)有社會(huì)關(guān)系的前提下進(jìn)行交際 ， 因?yàn)?―寒暄性 ‖交際語(yǔ)本身也是有文體之別的 。 一個(gè)以 ―How do you do?‖ 或 ―How are you?‖與人打招呼的人給人一種在地位上 ―居高臨下 ‖的感覺 。 這種寒暄語(yǔ)只能拉大說話人與被說話之間的社會(huì)距離 ，也很難使人覺得有親切感 。 相反 ， 像 ―Hi‖, ―How‘s it goin‘?‖, ―Hello‖等這樣的寒暄語(yǔ)蘊(yùn)涵著說話人對(duì)聽話人親密友好的關(guān)系 ， 例如： (A 是一位老板，名叫 John Smith。 B是公司職員 ,名叫 Jane Oetey) A: How are you today, Mrs Oetey?‖ B: Fine, thank you. B: Hi!,John! Nice meeting you here. A: How do you do, Miss Oetey. Fancy meeting you here. A: Hi, Jane. Haven‘t seen you for ages. How‘s it goin‘? B: Can‘t plain. Communicating with style Since the privilege of initiating a style belongs to the socially superior, and since those in authority have the right to maintain distance by maintaining formality, the students were acting wholly inappropriately to their parents. That is, the students39。 style usurped their parents39。 authority. In a near replication of Garfinkel39。s work, Lakoff instructed her students to act too formally to their friends. Their results illustrate the social functioning of style even between peers. (Names changed to hide identities.) In the dormitory: Trish: Would it be possible for you to wait for me after class? Ann: Yes, of course it39。s possible. Why are you talking so proper? In a car on a date: Pat: Jacques, could you tell me how far we are from our destination? Jacques: (sarcastically) Yes, Patricia. We are about fifty miles from our destination. Are you satisfied? In the cafeteria: Robert: Hi, Dave! Dave: Hello, Robert. How are you? Robert: Not bad. You take a test or somethin39。? Dave: Why no. Of course not. Why do you ask? [Robert looks strangely at Dave, and leaves without replying.] Tom: Is this seat taken? Al: Why, no. Won39。t you join us? Tom: [looking puzzled] How was logic today? Al: Very instructive. Tom: Oh, was it? What did he talk about? Al: He talked about fallacies and associated topics. Tom: [laughs, looks puzzled, mimics Al, and hits him] Would you care to e over for tea? Ernie: Hello. How are you? Andy: Tired. Ernie: And why is that? Andy: [suspiciously] Because I haven39。t gotten any sleep this week. Ernie: Oh, that is too bad. I feel sorry for you. Andy: [antagonistically（ 敵對(duì)地 ） ] Why are you smirking（ 傻笑 ， 假笑 ） when you say that? Because you39。re a louse! [The experimenter and an observer both claim that Ernie was not smirking and his tone was not sarcastic.]
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