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the Inter has matured to a point that more uniform rules are needed to safeguard petition. (一般現(xiàn)在時被動語態(tài)) ? (3) This would allow panies to see whether they are being discriminated against. (現(xiàn)在進行時被動語態(tài)) ? (4) Peering would be determined by the market rather than by a private pany with its own petitive interests. (過去將來完成時被動語態(tài)) 四、語態(tài) ? 被動語態(tài)的譯法: ? 英語被動語態(tài)的句子,譯成漢語時,可以譯成被動句,也可以譯成主動句。無論譯成被動句還是主動句,都以符合漢語習慣為準。 ? 例: ? Automobiles may be manufactured with puterdriven robots or put together almost totally by hand. ? 按漢語主動句譯:我們可以用計算機操縱的機器人,也可以完全用手工操作裝配汽車。 ? 按漢語被動句譯:汽車可以由計算機操縱的機器人,也可以完全用手工來裝配。 五、虛擬語氣 ? 英語動詞有陳述語氣、疑問語氣和虛擬語氣之分。陳述語氣和疑問語氣就是由動詞的時態(tài)的各種形式來表示,而虛擬語氣用在非真實條件句中、用在某些表示方式、目的、讓步等狀語從句中和用在某些賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中。它的表現(xiàn)形式與陳述語氣的表現(xiàn)形式不同 。 五、虛擬語氣 ? ? 虛擬語氣在非真實條件句中的構成請看下表(條件從句以 know為例;主句以 go為例) ? 條件從句 : If I (you。 he)… ? 主 句 : I (you。 he) ? 與現(xiàn)在事實相反 ? 條件從句 : Knew (如果是 be的話,不論 ? 人稱,一律變?yōu)?were) ? 主 句 : should (would ) go ? 與過去事實相反 ? 條件從句 : had known ? 主 句 : should ( would ) have gone ? 與將來事實相反 ? 條件從句 : should know ? (were + to + 動詞原形 ) ? 主 句 : should (would ) go 五、虛擬語氣 ? 注意: ? ( 1)各個時態(tài)的主句謂語都可以使用其他情態(tài)動詞 could。 might 等。 ? ( 2)有時,條件從句可以將助動詞 should。 would 等提到主語的前面,而省略關聯(lián)詞 if ? ( 3)有時,可以用 were + 動詞不定式來表示條件從句的將來時。 ? ( 4)虛擬條件有時不一定用從句表示,可以用其他方式,如用介詞 without。 but for等。 五、虛擬語氣 ? 例: ? (1) If he were here, he would help us. (非真實條件句表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反) ? (2) Had we known the basic principles, we should have controlled the process even better. (非真實條件句表示與過去事實相反 , 條件從句省略 if,主語、謂語部分倒置) ? (3) If he were to do this test, he might do it in some other way. (非真實條件句表示與將來事實相反) ? 五、虛擬語氣 ? (4) If I were to do it, I should probably do it some other way. ? 也可寫成: ? Were I to do it, I should probably do it some other way. ? 要是我做這件事,我可能用另外方式做。(不可能實現(xiàn),或可能性很?。? ? (5) Without steel (= If there were no steel ), there could be no industry. 沒有鋼鐵,就不可能有工業(yè)。 ? (與現(xiàn)在的事實相反) ? (6) But for the joint efforts, we should not have been able to finish the work so ,我們就不可能這樣快地做完這項工作。 ? (過去的事實是完成了) 五、虛擬語氣 ? 虛擬語氣在其他情況下的使用和構成 ? ( 1)虛擬語氣用在 wish所要求的賓語從句中。當主句、從句的謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生時,從句的謂語動詞用一般過去時;如果從句所表示的動作發(fā)生在主句之前,用過去完成時。如: ? I wish he were with me. 如果他和我早一起就好了。(主句和從句的動作同時發(fā)生) ? I wish I hadn’t gone last night. 要是我昨天沒走就好了。(從句所表示的動做發(fā)生在主句之前) ? ( 2)虛擬語氣用在 as if (as though)所引起的方式狀語從句中。當主句、從句的謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生時,從句的謂語動詞用一般過去時;如果從句所表示的動作發(fā)生在主句之前,用過去完成時。 ? 如: ? He speaks with gusto as if he knew the subject very well. 他談起來口若懸河,儼然對此很熟悉。(主句和從句的動作同時發(fā)生) ? He described the town as if he had seen it before. 他描寫這個城市,就像親眼看見過一樣。 (從句所表示的動作發(fā)生在主句之前) 五、虛擬語氣 ? ( 3)虛擬語氣用在 in order that。 so that所引起的目的狀語從句中。用 may (might) + 動詞原形來表示。 May, might 也可用 can, could 代替,否定式用 should。例: ? The teacher spoke slowly in order that the students could (might) hear clearly. 教員說得很慢,好讓學生聽清楚。 ? She took a taxi to the station so that she should not miss the train. 她叫了出租車去車站,以趕上火車。 ? ( 4)虛擬語氣用在 whatever。 whoever。 no matter what所引起的讓步狀語從句中。用 may (might) + 動詞原形來表示。如果從句所表示的動做發(fā)生在主句之前,用過去完成時。 ? 如: ? I won’t let you in whoever you may be. 憑你是誰,我也不讓進。 ? You mustn’t be proud, however much you may have achieved. 不管你有多大成就,都不應驕傲。 五、虛擬語氣 ? ( 5)虛擬語氣用在與 requirement。 plan。 idea。 suggestion等有關的表語從句和同位語從句中。用 (should ) + 動詞原形來表示。 should 可省略。 ? 例: ? What do you think of our plan that the production ( should ) rise at the rate of 3 percent a year. ? 你對年增長率為 3%的生產(chǎn)計劃怎樣看 ?(由 that引起的從句做 plan的同位語) ? ( 6)虛擬語氣用在 It is necessary that…。 It is desirable that…。 It is important that…。 It is requested that…。 It is desired that…。 It is suggested that…。 It is ordered that…。 It is proposed that…。 It has been decided that… 等句型中的主語從句中。用 (should ) + 動詞原形來表示。should 可省略。 ? 例: It is desirable that the agreement be sighed before May. 這份協(xié)議適合在五月之前簽字。 五、虛擬語氣 ? ( 7)虛擬語氣用在由下述及物動詞所引起的賓語從句中:order。 mand。 ask。 prescribe。 suggest。 propose。 demand。 insist 等等。用 (should ) + 動詞原形來表示。should 可省略。例: ? She insisted that they go into the hall one by one. 她堅持他們進入大廳依次而入。 ? ( 8)虛擬語氣用在 lest所引起的目的狀語從句中。用 (should ) + 動詞原形來表示。 should 可省略。 ? He spoke in a low voice lest anyone hear him. 他低聲說話以免被人聽見。 ?