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and ocean and land, which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, rising, falling, each in its own time and matchless rhythm. 綠草熒熒,白云冉冉,彩蝶翩翩,這日子是如此清新可愛;蜜蜂無言,春花不語,海波聲歇,大地音寂,這日子是如此安靜。然而并非安靜,因?yàn)槿f物各以其特有的節(jié)奏或動(dòng),或搖,或震,或起,或伏。 漢語語調(diào)大致可分為平直調(diào)、高升調(diào)、曲折調(diào)和低降調(diào)四種。 ? 平直調(diào)(聲音平直)常用于說明意見,敘述事實(shí)的陳述句 ? 高升句(先低后高)常用于疑問句、短促的命令句,或表示憤怒、緊張、警告、號(hào)召的句子 ? 曲折調(diào)(先降后升或先升后降)常用于故作反語、諷刺含蓄,或表示驚訝、厭惡、遲疑情緒的句子 ? 低降調(diào)(先高后低)常用欲感嘆句,一般祈禱句,或表示堅(jiān)決肯定的句子 五、如何提高閱讀能力 1 .克服不良閱讀習(xí)慣; 指讀 唇讀 譯讀 回讀 2 .根據(jù)內(nèi)容的不同,問題可分為主題型、標(biāo)題型和目的型。 主題型找中心( Main Idea)- Skimming ; 標(biāo)題型選擇標(biāo)題( Title)- 全面;忠實(shí)原文,不隨意推論; 核心信息 關(guān)鍵詞特別是修飾詞。 目的型寫作意圖( Purpose)-從上下文的聯(lián)貫及文中有關(guān)部分的暗示去明析作者隱含的意思 . 六、英文科技論文的寫作 組成 ① 標(biāo)題( Title): concise and clear . ? Short 簡(jiǎn)潔 ? Specific 明確 ? Eyecatching 醒目 ? Descriptive words 描述性語言 Example 1 不明確 “ Concerning Some Application of a Theorem of J. Doe” 具體 “ Algebraic Solutions of Linear PartialDifferential Equation” Example 2 The GTPbinding protein Rholp is required for cell cycle progression and polarization of the yeast cell Example 3 采用主副標(biāo)題 主標(biāo)題 Sedimentation Motion of Sand Particles in Moving Water 副標(biāo)題 The Resistance on a Small Sphere Moving in Nonuniform Flow 英文科技論文的寫作 ② 作者署名 (Signature) 作者署名一般應(yīng)列于標(biāo)題之下。 ③ 作者單位( Department) ④ 摘要( Abstract) 三部分組成: (1)研究目的簡(jiǎn)要陳述研究目的、內(nèi)容及需要解決的問題。 (2)研究方法簡(jiǎn)要介紹研究所采用的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法和基本步驟。 (3)結(jié)果簡(jiǎn)要描述實(shí)驗(yàn)主要發(fā)現(xiàn)和主要結(jié)論及論文的價(jià)值。 英文稿以 1 000印刷符號(hào)為宜,原則上不超過全文的 3%。論文摘要應(yīng)盡量將文中的內(nèi)容和理解這些內(nèi)容的主要要素寫入。 習(xí)慣性以 “ 本文 ” 、 “ 本研究 ” 等摘要的開頭,是無信息的詞語,應(yīng)去掉。 摘要應(yīng)采用第三人稱過去式的寫法 ,不要用第一人稱寫成 “ 我校 ……” ,撰寫研究論文的學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值應(yīng)實(shí)事求是、客觀。 現(xiàn)將國(guó)內(nèi)外期刊上學(xué)術(shù)論文摘要中常用的句型作一介紹。 ( 1)表示研究目的的行文方法 This paper presents… This paper reports… This paper describes… This paper discusses… This paper investigates… This paper deals with… The objectives of this investigation be to( do) … The aim of this investigation be to( do) … The purpose of the present study be to( do) … This paper is concerned with… This paper is aimed at… This paper is limited to… The authors report… The authors( writers) made observation on… Investigation on … be carried out in… … be evaluated and analyzed (2)表示研究方法 The experiment be performed using… The approach be based on… The present study was started in 時(shí)間 to( do)… … be identified according to… … be determined by… … be based on the use of… … was used to( do) … … be collected from… … be grown during… … be observed by( using) … … be studied by measuring… … be characterized by… Analysis of… by… revealed that… ( 3)表示研究結(jié)果與結(jié)論 The results Indicated that… Our results confirm that… The study proves that… The results demonstrated that… The study reveals that… The conclusion is that… The results showed that… The results be summarized as follows We conclude:① … ② … ③ … The parison concludes that… The results from the present Investigation suggest that… These findings regarding… suggest that… These results support the findings found( observed) by… ⑤ 關(guān)鍵詞( Key words) 選取 3~ 8個(gè)詞,從論文結(jié)論、摘要、標(biāo)題中提煉抽取出具有實(shí)質(zhì)意義的、表達(dá)文章主題內(nèi)容的詞或組合詞。能反映論文內(nèi)容特征的。通用性強(qiáng)的、為同行所熟知的詞。 ⑥ 引言( Introduction) ? Research Situation 科研現(xiàn)狀 ? What are the key problems now 目前的關(guān)鍵問題 ? How we tackled the problems 如何解決問題 ? Assess the effectiveness of theresearch 評(píng)估研究成果 ⑦ 材料與方法( Materials and Methods) ? Enough information must be given so that the experiments could be reproduced. ? Avoid adding ments and discussion. ? Usually with ⑧ 結(jié)果與討論( Results and Discussion) ?Clarity and brevity: display of data with logical development showinghow your findings satisfyyourobjectives 簡(jiǎn)明扼要,合理展示數(shù)據(jù),并能證明研究結(jié)果與目的一致 ? Number should be meaningful. ?Use appropriate statistics, error analysis, check for accuracy andinternal consistency . ? Pay considerable attention to best way to present data. ? Be rigorous about conclusions 結(jié)論需嚴(yán)格客觀 Suggests’ vs. ’Proves’。 ’may be’ instead of ’is’ ? Summarize evidence supporting each conclusion 總結(jié)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果支持結(jié)論 ? Discuss problems, uncertainties regarding your work 討論該研究存在的問題及不確定性 ? Compare your findings with other studies 對(duì)比其他人的研究結(jié)果 ? Theoretical or practical implications, importance 理論或?qū)嶋H的應(yīng)用及其重要性 ⑨ Acknowledgements: ⑩ 參考文獻(xiàn)( References) Technical assistance 技術(shù)支持 Financial Assistance 資金支持 Helpful discussions 有益的討論 Critical reading of manuscript 英文稿件附信的寫法 ① 開門見山,②語言精練,詞句簡(jiǎn)明,③謙虛有禮。 Dear Prof. Dr. J. O. Nriagu, I wish to submit the enclosed manuscript, Effects of Cu2+ on root growth, cell division, and nucleolus of Helianthus annuus L., for consideration and publication in your journal. The final manuscript has been seen and approved by all authors and authors have taken due care to ensure the integrity of the work. Our manuscript has not been previously published elsewhere and is being considered solely by the Science of the Total Environment . If It could not be accepted, would please you return it to me. With best regards, Yours Sincerely, …… Library: … P. R. China : … Tel: …