【正文】 Indicators of cause and effect Indicators of cause and effect fall into four categories with different structures.1. The indicator of cause and effect is the verb in the sentence with the cause in the subject position.Cause EffectThe high cost of living leads to women’s having contributes to to work outside the results in home. is the reason for is responsible for causes women to work outside the home2. The indicator of cause and effect is the verb in the sentence, with the effect in the subject position. Cause Effect Women working es fromoutside the home stems from results from financial necessity. is the result of is due to is a consequence of 3. The indicator of cause and effect joins two independent clauses. In this group, notice the punctuation.Cause EffectMany women have consequently, they go back to financial difficulties。 therefore, work.thus,hence,as a result Many women have and so they go back to work.financial difficulties, and that is why so Many women have For this reason, they go back to work.financial difficulties. That is why, Accordingly, Because of this, 4. In this group, the indicator joins a subordination. Again, notice the punctuation. Remember also that the subordinate clause can be either at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. Cause Effect Since so many women have the days of the “happy Because gone back to work, housewife” are over.A s Because of many women’s having the days of the“happy housewife”O(jiān)wing to gone back to work, are over.Thanks to Due toAs a result ofSo many women have that the days of the “happy back to work housewife” are over.Many women have so that the days of the “happy gone back to work, housewife” are over. Effect causeThe days of the “happy housewife” because so many women have are over since gone back to work. as Organization Patterns of organizationThe basic patterns of arranging a cause and effect paragraph (or an essay) are:Block organization : 1. causes effectsA causes B (and C, and D) 2. effects causesA is caused by B (and C and D,…)Chain organization:cause –effect cause effectA causes B, B causes C, and C causes DWhen these patterns are applied to a single paragraph, A, B, C and D each may be contained in one or two sentences。 when applied to an essay, each letter may be the subject of an entire paragraph. Topic sentenceThe topic sentence of a causeeffect paragraph should indicate the focus of the paragraph: causes or effects.Examples:1. This surge of demand for oil will soon begin to send shock waves through America’s economy and transportation system.2. There are many reasons why languages change, but three major causes help illustrate the concept.3. (Thirtysix per cent of the freshmen entering a large New York university are dismissed during or at the end of the first year.) Studies indicate that this alarming rate of failure is due to a variety of causes, some of which are beyond the control of the student. Supporting detailsIf the topic sentence states a cause, most probably, the paragraph will focus on effects。 thus, the developing sentences of the paragraph are to predict the effects. Otherwise, if the topic sentence states an effect, most probably, the paragraph will focus on the causes of the effect。 then the development of the paragraph is to examine the causes. The most monly used methods include details, examples and statistics, etc.When we develop a paragraph by cause and effect, we should be clear that the technique of cause and effect has great flexibility, for the relationships between causes and effects are not always clearcut, as the two terms seem to suggest. For example, causes may not all carry the same weight. Several contributing causes may be grouped together to form an important cause. There may be one effect to a cause, or there may be many. Effects may be less important than causes, or vice versa. Concluding sentenceThe concluding sentence usually summarizes the causes examined in the development, or restates the topic sentence, or suggests what measures should be taken based on the causes or effects, or predicts what is going to happen in the future, or raises a related question after the analysis of the causes or effects. Samples and AnalysesSample 1According to official statistics, more than 10,000 people in the country were killed in car accidents last year. The increasing rate of car accidents can be attributed to three general causes. Mechanical problems of cares, such as faulty brakes, bald tires, and flat tires, contribute to the high rate of car accidents. Environmental problems, such as blind corners, narrow streets, heavy fog, slippery roads cause a significant number of disasters. Such errors of human problems as excessive speed and drunken driving are considered the major factor of the fatal accidents. If drivers had