【正文】 are the differ ences in characteristics between the developing countries that are success ful exporters and those which are not. Table 7 Characteristics o/ the Textile Industry Consumer Developing Developing Big countries exporters nonexporters exporters Labor costs ASa l/Em p percent IO. 3 1973: Sal/Emp $ . 4,941 1,347 ItISO I,2IO Factor efficiency A V A / E m p percent 1973: V A / E m p $ . 9,96o 3,8OO 2,700 4,725 Capital/output ratio ICOR Unit labor costs AULC percent Rates of return 1Sal/VA V A / E m p 1973: Sal/Emp t It is likely that the nonexporting developing countries that publish the best data are those which have the most sophisticated and weUdeveloped industrial sectors. If this is so, our conclusions will be reinforced. 2 Consumer countries: Belgium, Canada, West Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States. Developing exporters: Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, Greece, India, Israel, Korea, Malta, Philippines for apparel only , Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Tunisia for apparel only . Developing nonexporters: Chile, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Ira% Kenya, Panama, Syria, Zambia. Textile T ra d e and the P a t t e r n of Economic Growth 3Ol Table 7 summarizes the average for each of the industry characteristics for the three groups plus a fourth subgroup of the four leading developing country exporters Colombia, Brazil, Greece, and Korea big exporters . These big exporters are the countries that have had the largest per centage of dollar value increases in textile/apparel exports during the 19671974 period. Increases in labor costs and the level of salaries are highest in the rich consumer countries. Surprisingly, the two measures of labor cost are slightly higher in the developing exporters than in the textile industries of the nonexporters. Wages and wage gains are somewhat lower in the four big exporters than in the developing exporters as a group but still slightly higher than in the developing nonexporters. Thus, in a most surprising oute, among the developing countries wage levels and changes in wages do not seem to be helpful in identifying the differences between the ex porters and the nonexporters. As measured by the high levels of value added per employee, the use of high skill levels and abundant capital are notably higher in the consumer countries. But the big exporters have higher levels of value added than other developing countries, and the rate of increase in value added 8 per cent per year is far higher than for any other group of countries. Likewise, the capital/output ratio measure is extraordinarily low in the big exporters and relatively low in the developing exporters as a group. The lower the ICOR, the fewer the dollars of capital needed to increase output by a given amount. Increases in unit labor cost are very low in the big exporters and relatively high in the developing nonexporters. Finally, the return to nonlabor factors is very high in the big exporters: the ratio of value added per employee to salary per employee in 1973 is at least 4~ p~rcent higher than in any of the other groups examined. We see a consistent pattern emerging. The big exporters have the same relative labor cost levels and rates of gain as the nonexporters but utilize capital more efficiently, have larger gains in value added, are successful in keeping unit labor cost down, and offer very high rates of return to nonlabor factors. Table 8 summarizes the average for each of the characteristics in the apparel industry for each of the four groups. The pattern in the apparel industry is similar to that in textiles. There is some difference in labor costs. In contrast to the textile industry, both the developing exporters and the big exporters have the lowest levels of costs and the big expor ters have lower rates of increases in average salaries . But the rest of the pattern is nearly the same: the rate of increase in value added per employee is somewhat lower with the highest increase for the big exporters in this Arehiv Bd. CXVI. 20 302