化學(xué)工程與工藝專業(yè)英語unit-資料下載頁
2025-08-05 21:22本頁面
【正文】 ndustrial waste treatment. The hazardous organic ponents in industrial wastewater could be destroyed with thermocatalytic or photocatalytic processes. A promising line of research employs “supercritical” water at high temperatures and pressures. Under these conditions, water exhibits very different chemical and physical properties. It dissolves reactions of many materials that are nearly inert under normal conditions.工業(yè)廢水處理。工業(yè)廢水中的有害有機(jī)物能被熱催化或光催化的過程破壞。一項(xiàng)前景很好的研究工作是利用高溫高壓下的超臨界水。在這種條件下，水表現(xiàn)出截然不同的物理和化學(xué)性質(zhì)，它可以溶解并有助于那些在常態(tài)下的水中幾乎是惰性的物質(zhì)發(fā)生反應(yīng)。Highlevel nuclear waste. Substantial savings would be achieved if the volume and plexity of nuclear waste requiring storage could be significantly reduced。 this reduction would require economic separation of the radioactive ponents from the large volumes of other materials that acpany the nuclear waste. The hazardous chemical waste mighty then be disposed of separately. The dispose of nuclear waste will require major research and development efforts over many years.高輻射的核廢料。如果需要儲藏的核廢料其數(shù)量和組成能夠顯著地減少，就可以節(jié)省一大筆的費(fèi)用。這種減少需要用經(jīng)濟(jì)的方法把放射性成分與大量其它與核廢料共存的物質(zhì)分離開來，這樣有害的化學(xué)廢料就可以分別地進(jìn)行處置，核廢料的處置仍將需要今后許多年進(jìn)行大量的研究和開發(fā)工作。Membrane technology. Separations involving semi permeable membranes offer considerable promise. These membranes, usually sheets of polymers, are impervious to some kinds of chemicals but not to others. Such membranes are used to purify water, leaving behind dissolved salts and providing clean drinking water. Membrane separations are also applicable to gases and are being used for the recovery of minor ponents in natural gas, to enhance the heating value of natural gas by removal of carbon dioxide, and for the recovery of nitrogen from air. Research challenges include the development of membranes that are chemically and physically more resilient, that are less expensive to manufacture, and that provide better separation efficiencies to reduce processing costs.膜技術(shù)。應(yīng)用半滲透性薄膜進(jìn)行分離大有希望獲得成功。這些膜通常是片狀聚合物。能夠讓一些化學(xué)物質(zhì)通過而不讓另一些物質(zhì)通過。這些膜常用來純化水，阻擋住一些溶解的鹽類提供干凈的飲用水。膜分離技術(shù)也用來提純制造廠出來的廢水。膜分離還可以用在氣體方面，用來回收天然氣中的微量組分。通過清除CO提高天然氣的熱值，以及從空氣中得到氮?dú)?。研究中的難點(diǎn)包括開發(fā)化學(xué)和物理學(xué)方面更有彈性的膜。這樣可以使制造費(fèi)用不那么貴，并且可以提供更好的分離效率以降低分離成本。Biotechnology. Scientists have turned to nature for help in destroying toxic substances. Some microorganisms in soil, water, and sediments can adapt their diets to a wide variety of organic chemicals。 they have been used for decades in conventional waste treatment systems. Researchers are now attempting t coax even higher levels of performance from these gifted microbes by carefully determining the optimal physical, chemical, and nutritional conditions for their existence. Their efforts may lead to the design and operation of a new generation of biological waste treatment facilities. A major advance in recent years is the immobilization of such microorganisms in bioreactors, anchoring them in a reactor while they degrade waste materials. Immobilization permits high flow rates that would flush out conventional reactors, and the use of new, highly porous support materials allows a significant increase in the number of microorganisms for each reactor.生物技術(shù)?？茖W(xué)家們已經(jīng)向自然界尋求幫助戰(zhàn)勝有毒物質(zhì)。土壤、水和沉積物中的一些微生物能以許多有機(jī)化學(xué)物質(zhì)為食。數(shù)十年來它們一直被用于傳統(tǒng)的水處理系統(tǒng)。研究者們正通過仔細(xì)測量微生物生存的最佳物理、化學(xué)和營養(yǎng)條件致力于處理強(qiáng)度更高的對象。他們的工作可能導(dǎo)致設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)新一代生物廢水處理設(shè)備。近年來的一個很大的進(jìn)展是生物反應(yīng)器內(nèi)微生物的固定。即把微生物固定在反應(yīng)器內(nèi)降解廢物。這種固定可以允許有更高的流速。傳統(tǒng)反應(yīng)器內(nèi)流速過高會沖走微生物。新的多孔載體的使用也使每個反應(yīng)器中微生物的數(shù)量明顯提高。
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