(4單元)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)(曼昆經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué))第6版-資料下載頁
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【正文】 s, avoiding interaction with other countries. . . . outwardorientated trade policies, encouraging interaction with other countries. 自由貿(mào)易 ?一些國家實施 . . . . . . 內(nèi)向型 貿(mào)易政策 , 避免與世界其他國家相互交易。 . . . 外向型 貿(mào)易政策，鼓勵與其他國家相互交易。 Research and Development ?The advance of technological knowledge has led to higher standards of living. ?Most technological advance es from private research by firms and individual inventors. ?Government can encourage the development of new technologies through research grants, tax breaks, and the patent system. 研究與開發(fā) ?技術(shù)知識的進(jìn)步帶來更高的生活水平。 ?大多數(shù)技術(shù)進(jìn)步來自企業(yè)和個人所進(jìn)行的私人研究。 ?政府通過補(bǔ)貼、減稅和專利制度來鼓勵新技術(shù)的開發(fā)。 CASE STUDY: The Productivity Slowdown and Speedup ?From 1959 to 1973 productivity grew at a rate of percent per year. ?From 1973 to 1995 productivity grew by only percent per year. ?Productivity accelerated again in 1995, growing by percent per year on average during the next six years. 案例研究 :生產(chǎn)率增長放慢與加快 ?從 1959 年到 1973 年，生產(chǎn)率每年增長％。 ?從 1973到 1995年，生產(chǎn)率每年增長只有％。 ?從 1995年開始，生產(chǎn)率增長又加快了，在隨后的 6年里平均每年增長 ％。 CASE STUDY: The Productivity Slowdown and Speedup ? The causes of the changes in productivity growth are elusive. ? The slowdown cannot be traced to the factors of production that are most easily measured. ? Many economists attribute the slowdown and speedup in economic growth to changes in technology and the creation of new ideas. 案例研究 :生產(chǎn)率增長放慢與加快 ?生產(chǎn)率增長變化的原因是捉摸不定的。 ?這種生產(chǎn)率放慢不能追溯到那些最容易衡量的生產(chǎn)要素。 ?許多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家把經(jīng)濟(jì)增長快慢歸因于技術(shù)變革和新思想的創(chuàng)造。 Figure 2 The Growth in Real GDP Per Person Growth Rate (percent per year) 1 8 7 0 – 1890 1 8 9 0 – 1910 1 9 1 0 – 1930 1 9 3 0 – 1950 1 9 5 0 – 1970 1 9 7 0 – 1990 1 9 9 0 – 2022 0 增長率（每年百分比） Population Growth 人口增長 ?Economists and other social scientists have long debated how population growth affects a society。 長期以來，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和其他社會學(xué)家一直爭論人口增長如何影響一個社會。 Population Growth ?Population growth interacts with other factors of production: ?Stretching natural resources ?Diluting the capital stock ?Promoting technological progress 人口增長 ?人口增長與其他生產(chǎn)要素相互作用 : ?使自然資源量更加緊張 ?稀釋了資本存量 ?促進(jìn)了技術(shù)進(jìn)步 Summary ?Economic prosperity, as measured by real GDP per person, varies substantially around the world. ?The average ine of the world’s richest countries is more than ten times that in the world’s poorest countries. ?The standard of living in an economy depends on the economy’s ability to produce goods and services. 內(nèi)容提要 ?按人均 GDP衡量的經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮在世界各國差別很大。 ?世界最富裕國家的平均收入是世界最貧窮國家的 10倍以上。 ?一國經(jīng)濟(jì)的生活水平取決于該經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力。 Summary ?Productivity depends on the amounts of physical capital, human capital, natural resources, and technological knowledge available to workers. ?Government policies can influence the economy’s growth rate in many different ways. 內(nèi)容提要 ?生產(chǎn)率取決于物質(zhì)資本量、人力資本量、自然資源量和技術(shù)知識。 ?政府政策可以以許多方式影響經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長率。 Summary ?The accumulation of capital is subject to diminishing returns. ?Because of diminishing returns, higher saving leads to a higher growth for a period of time, but growth will eventually slow down. ?Also because of diminishing returns, the return to capital is especially high in poor countries. 內(nèi)容提要 ?資本積累受收益遞減的限制。 ?因為收益遞減，高儲蓄率會引起一定時期內(nèi)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，但增長最終會放慢。 ?也是因為收益遞減，窮國資本的收益率特別高。
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