【正文】 in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural anization of a construction people actually produce and receive. The Classical Theory ? To make linguistics a science, only structure, no concern of meaning ? Three kinds of grammar: finite state grammar, phrase structure grammar, transformational grammar ? finite state grammar: the simplest grammar, with a finite amount of apparatus can generate an infinite number of sentence. But they are all very simple in their structure. ? phrase structure grammar: a grammar seen as a system of finite rules generating an infinite number of sentences, and the rules meet the requirements of being generative, simple, explicit, exhuastive, recuesive. ? eg. S→NP+VP VP →V+NP NP →Det + N ? transformational grammar: the generative process of a sentence is the process of rewriting one symbol into another. There are 16 generative rules for English. ? eg. double objects rule NP1 +V +NP2 + to + NP3 NP1+ V + NP3 + NP2 ? a linguistic model: psc: phrase structural ponents tc: transformational ponents mc: morphophonemic ponent, responsible for the correct spelling and pronunciation of the words in the surface structure . . . Deep S. Surface S. The Standard Theory ? One serious problem of the classic theory: the rules may generate illformed sentences as well as wellformed ones. ? eg, S NP +VP ? S ? NP VP ? V NP ? John drink wine ? wine drink John ? a linguistic model including semantic ponents. ? Language is seen as consisting of three major parts: syntax, semantics and phonology. ? Semantic meaning just generated from deep structure Base /syntactic ponent Rewriting rules lexicon Deep structure Trules Surface structure Semantic ponent Phonological rules Semantic representation Phonological representation The Extended Standard Theory ? One problem of the standard theory: it is impossible to say semantic interpretations are determined by the deep structure and transformational processes will not change the sentence meaning. Any kind of transformations will certainly change the sentence meaning. ? eg I promise John to go to school. = I promise to go to school to John. NP + V + NP + PP NP + V +PP + PP ? I asked John to go to school. = I asked to go to school to John ? Extended modal: semantic interpretations are determined by the deep structure and surface structure. Base C. Trans. C Sem. C. Phon. C. Deep S. Surface S. ? Problem: how to explain the difference between the following sentences? John is easy to please. John is eager to please. have a superficially similar structure but they convey a substantially different message. ? Semantic interpretations are determined by the surface structure only. ? Revised modal: Base ponent The base ponent Deep structure Surface structure Phonological representation Logical form representation Phrase structure rules: lexicon Transformational ponent Phonological rules Semantic interpretative rules Government and Binding (GB) ? Grammar is said to have two systems: a rule system（規(guī)則系統(tǒng)） and a principle system（原則系統(tǒng)） . ? The rule system has four ponents: lexicon, syntax, phoic form ponent and logical form ponent. ? The system of principles include: (1) bounding theory（界限理論） , (2) government theory（管轄理論） , (3) θtheory, (4) binding theory（約束理論） , (5) case theory （格理論） (6) control theory （統(tǒng)治理論） ? Government refers to a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions. ? Two GOVERNMENT relations: about governs the language speak governs about the language ? In the two government relations, one of the more general features is technically called CONSTITUENT COMMAND, or CCOMMAND成分統(tǒng)治 . ? Cmand refers to the relation between an element and another of the same level and under the same node（節(jié)點） in a tree diagram, and any others under the latter element as well. ? To summarize, an element governs another if the two are under the same node directly and the former is the head of the construction. ? αCmands βif α does not dominate βand every γthat dominates αalso dominates β, as shown : γ α β 如果 α不主導(dǎo) β， γ不但主導(dǎo) α而且 β，那 麼 α成分統(tǒng)治 (C統(tǒng)治 )β. A B C D E F B cmands C, E, F, but not D, which is dominated by B。 (B dominates D) C cmands B, D, but not E, F (C dominates E, F). Binding theory （約束理論） A. An anaphor is bound in its governing category.（ 照應(yīng)語 在管轄領(lǐng)域內(nèi)受約束） B. A pronominal is free in its governing category.（ 指代語 在管轄領(lǐng)域內(nèi)是自由的） C. An rexpression is free（ 指稱語 是自由的） ? John1 likes himself1. ? They1 hit each other1. ? John1 doesn‘t like Bill2‘s criticism of himself2. ? John1 like him2. ? Bill1 says John2 likes him1. ? Bill1 says John2 likes the man3. The Minimalist Program A. If αis an anaphor, interpret it as coreferential with a cmanding phrase in D (the relevant local domain).照應(yīng)語跟 D(有關(guān)的局部語域 )中的一個 C統(tǒng)治短語同指 B. If αis a pronominal, interpret it as disjoint from every cmanding phrase in D中的任何C統(tǒng)治短語都不同指 C. If αis an rexpression, interpret it as disjoint from every cmanding phrase. 指稱語跟任何 C統(tǒng)治短語都不同指 評價 ?在語言學(xué)研究的對象上，生成語法主要研究