【正文】 me panies will not use drawings at all， but will be passing part information directly from design to manufacturing via a database. Unit Five CAD/CAM/CAE Unit Five CAD/CAM/CAE Put the following words and sentences into English. 操作系統(tǒng) 計(jì)算機(jī)繪圖 通用軟件 制定工藝過(guò)程 工廠管理 數(shù)控機(jī)床 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) 術(shù)。 。 參考譯文： CAD/CAM 1. CAD 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì) /計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造是指為了提高生產(chǎn)率讓計(jì)算機(jī)參與設(shè)計(jì)和制造產(chǎn) 品的過(guò)程。 CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)的核心是設(shè)計(jì)終端和相關(guān)硬件，如計(jì)算機(jī)、打印機(jī)、繪圖儀、紙 帶穿孔機(jī)、讀卡機(jī)和數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換器。 CAD/CAM是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的軟件系統(tǒng)，其中 CAD部分是在計(jì)算機(jī)內(nèi)與 CAM連接在一起的。一些軟件包被稱為軟件模塊，可分為三類 :操作系統(tǒng)、應(yīng)用程序和用戶程序。 操作系統(tǒng)是為某臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)或某類計(jì)算機(jī)而編寫(xiě)的程序。操作系統(tǒng)與輸入 /輸出設(shè)備緊密相連，如顯示器、打印機(jī)、紙帶穿孔機(jī)。操作系統(tǒng)大都由計(jì)算機(jī)自帶。 譯 Unit Five CAD/CAM/CAE Unit Five CAD/CAM/CAE 應(yīng)用程序是為某種專業(yè)或某個(gè)特殊目的而開(kāi)發(fā)的。1956年出現(xiàn)了第一個(gè)專用語(yǔ)言自 動(dòng)編程系統(tǒng)（ APT）。APT的開(kāi)發(fā)目的在于減輕數(shù)控編程人員向數(shù)控機(jī)床輸入的工作量，如 圖 5 3所示。 圖 5 3 車床使用 CAD跟蹤 機(jī)械加工序列的例子 Unit Five CAD/CAM/CAE CAD/CAM的用戶程序是生成特定產(chǎn)品輸出的專用軟件包。例如，當(dāng)用戶輸入特定的 參數(shù)如齒數(shù)、節(jié)圓直徑等之后，用戶程序就能自動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)出齒輪。另一個(gè)程序則能在給定刀具信息、材料、切削深度等條件下計(jì)算出最佳進(jìn)給量和進(jìn)給速度。這些程序常常由用戶用供應(yīng)商提供的通用軟件開(kāi)發(fā)而成。 （ 1）計(jì)算機(jī)繪圖 計(jì)算機(jī)繪圖系統(tǒng)積累和存儲(chǔ)相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，確定每一個(gè)設(shè) 計(jì)元素的精確位置、尺寸文本和其他特性。相關(guān)的設(shè)計(jì)數(shù) 據(jù)幫助用戶進(jìn)行復(fù)雜的工程分析，生成材料清單、產(chǎn)品報(bào)告，并在零件加工前檢測(cè)設(shè)計(jì)中的不合理部分。 （ 2）線框模型 Unit Five CAD/CAM/CAE 簡(jiǎn)單的線框模型是最經(jīng)濟(jì)的幾何模型表達(dá)形式。然而，當(dāng)開(kāi)發(fā)一個(gè)復(fù)雜的模型時(shí)，線框模型就不適合了。實(shí)體建模解決了線框模型的大部分問(wèn)題。 （ 3）實(shí)體建模 生成實(shí)體模型有三種基本技術(shù) :基本體（ CSG）、邊界表達(dá)（ BRep）和實(shí)體模型分析。 在 CSG方法中，各種各樣如圓柱體、球、圓錐體的幾何模型可通過(guò)布爾代數(shù)創(chuàng)建合成 設(shè)計(jì)。 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造（ CAM）主要圍繞四個(gè)領(lǐng)域 :數(shù)控、制定工藝過(guò)程、機(jī)器人技術(shù)和工廠 管理。 （ 1）數(shù)控 在 CAM領(lǐng)域數(shù)控的重要性是計(jì)算機(jī)可由幾何模型或零件直接生成數(shù)控程序。目前，自動(dòng)化能力常局限于 Unit Five CAD/CAM/CAE 高度對(duì)稱的幾何體和專用零件。然而在不久的將來(lái)，一些公司將不再使用圖紙，從設(shè)計(jì)到制造都由數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)來(lái)直接傳遞零件信息。隨著圖紙的消失，諸多問(wèn)題也將不復(fù)出現(xiàn)，因?yàn)橛?jì)算機(jī)模型是從一個(gè)被設(shè)計(jì)部門(mén)和制造部門(mén)都可用的通用集成數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) 發(fā)展而來(lái)的。 （ 2）制定工藝過(guò)程 制定工藝過(guò)程包括產(chǎn)品從頭至尾的加工順序等詳盡信息和規(guī)劃。與 CAM相應(yīng)的工藝 制定系統(tǒng)幾乎不需要人的參與就能根據(jù)幾何模型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)直接制定產(chǎn)品工藝過(guò)程。 （ 3）機(jī)器人 人們正在創(chuàng)造的許多技術(shù)進(jìn)步都力圖使機(jī)器人與制造系統(tǒng)相結(jié)合，如在線裝配、焊接 和噴漆。 Unit Five CAD/CAM/CAE （ 4）工廠管理 工廠管理利用交互式工廠數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)來(lái)及時(shí)獲取制造現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的信息。同時(shí)，利用這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)計(jì) 算出制造的先后次序，動(dòng)態(tài)地確定下一步要做的工作，從而保證重大生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃的正常執(zhí) 行。系統(tǒng)可按某個(gè)特殊需要直接修改，而不需要召集計(jì)算機(jī)程序?qū)＜摇? Passage Four Computer Integrated Manufacturing System 4 Computer integrated manufacturing（ CIM） is the term used to describe the most modern approach to manufacturing. Although CIM enpasses many of the other advanced manufacturing technologies such as puter numerical control（ CNC）， CAD/CAM， robotics and just in time（ JIT）delivery， it is more than a new technology or a new concept① . Computer integrated manufacturing is actually an entirely new approach to manufacturing or a new way of doing business. To understand CIM， it is necessary to begin with a parison of modern and traditional manufacturing. Modern manufacturing enpasses all of the activities and processes Unit Five CAD/CAM/CAE Unit Five CAD/CAM/CAE necessary to convert raw materials into finished products， deliver them to the market， and support them in the fields② . These activities include the following. （ 1） Identifying a need for a product。 （ 2） Designing a product to meet the needs。 （ 3） Obtaining the raw materials needed to produce the product。 （ 4） Applying appropriate processes to transform the raw materials into finished products。 （ 5） Transporting product to the market。 （ 6） Maintaining the product to ensure a proper performance in the field. This broad， modern view of manufacturing can be Unit Five CAD/CAM/CAE pared with the more limited traditional view that focuses almost entirely on the conversion processes. The old approach separates such critical preconversion elements as market analysis research， development， and design for manufacturing， as well as such after conversion elements as product delivery and product maintenance . In other word， in the old approach to manufacturing， only those processes that take place on the shop floor are considered manufacturing. This traditional approach of separating the overall concept into numerous specialized elements alone was not fundamentally changed with the advent of automation③ . While the separate elements themselves became automated（ . puter aided drafting and design and CNC in machining）， they remained separate. Automation alone did not result in the integration of these islands of automation④ . Unit Five CAD/CAM/CAE With CIM， not only are the various elements automated， but also the islands of automation are all linked together or integrated . Integration means that a system can provide plete and instantaneous sharing of information. In modern manufacturing， integration is acplished by background puters. With this CIM can now be defined as the total integration of all manufacturing elements through the use of puters⑤ . 4 is an illustration of a CIM system， which shows how the various machines and processes used in the conversion process are integrated. Furthermore， such an illustration can show that research， development， design， marketing， sales， shipping， receiving， management and production Unit Five CAD/CAM/CAE personnel all have instant access to all information generated in this system. This is exactly the inside meaning of a CIM system. Progress is being made toward the eventual realization of CIM in manufacturing. When this is acplished， fully integrated manufacturing firms will realize a number of benefits from CIM: （ 1） Product quality increases。 （ 2） Lead time is reduced。 （ 3） Direct labor costs are reduced。 （ 4） Product development time is reduced。 （ 5） Inventories are reduced。 （ 6） Overall productivity increases。 （ 7） Design quality increases. Unit Five CAD/CAM/CAE 4 Major ponents of CIM Unit Five CAD/CAM/CAE ① Although CIM enpasses many of the other adva