【正文】 的問題,由艾美Belasco。[53] 為進(jìn)一步的詳細(xì)了解本規(guī)定,參考CRS報告中RL31805:對FY2004的授權(quán)與撥款：艾米Belasco和斯蒂芬Dagget之間的抗辯。[54] 10890 ,必須解決之前只有強(qiáng)擊光環(huán)能花的資金或?qū)嵤〤APPSII部署以外的其它測試基礎(chǔ)上。2,3,6,7,11,14]被使用過的。在數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)來講壓力測試與驗證方法的效率和準(zhǔn)確度的搜索工具。建立和內(nèi)部監(jiān)督保障措施,。髓內(nèi)安裝的安全措施來防止未經(jīng)授權(quán)的訪問或其他入侵者遭到黑客的政策。建立有效的監(jiān)督往往使用和運(yùn)行的系統(tǒng)。[55] 總會計辦公室、航空安全:計算機(jī)輔助乘客初篩檢測系統(tǒng)面臨著重大的挑戰(zhàn),GAO04385實施,2004年2月,第4頁。CRS15由于在這些問題上的不完整是“早期的系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)?！盵56]在2003年3月25日,眾議院委員會小組委員會在政府改革的技術(shù)、信息政策、政府間關(guān)系,并舉行了關(guān)于人口普查對當(dāng)前和未來的可能性的數(shù)據(jù)挖掘的聽證會。來自聯(lián)邦政府的證人,工業(yè)界和學(xué)術(shù)界,突出了一定數(shù)量的知覺的長處和弱點(diǎn),以及數(shù)據(jù)挖掘技術(shù)的stillevolving性質(zhì)和挖掘?qū)嵺`。[57]然而，數(shù)據(jù)挖掘被目擊者作為一個過程描述,和其他目擊者作為生產(chǎn)力工具,似乎有一個通用的共識,未來發(fā)展所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)與成功的政府?dāng)?shù)據(jù)挖掘的應(yīng)用技術(shù)上的考量相關(guān)少比其他問題,如數(shù)據(jù)的完整性、安全性和隱私。在2003年5月620日召開聽證會的小組委員會也可能帶來的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)為使用真實的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,為國家安全的目的。在2003年7月29日,參議員介紹了s .1484公民的聯(lián)邦數(shù)據(jù)庫保護(hù)法案,該法案被提交到委員會對司法體系。,臺北:司法部長、國防部長、國內(nèi)安全部長、財政部長、中央情報的主任,主任和美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局的報告提交給國會的目的、含相關(guān)信息的數(shù)據(jù)類型、成本、時間、研究方法、合同和其他的細(xì)節(jié)之前,花任何資金約束或商用數(shù)據(jù)庫。s . 1484也有設(shè)定限制的行為或分析數(shù)據(jù)庫搜索“純粹基于一份模擬場景或假設(shè)的假定有誰能犯了罪或構(gòu)成威脅到國家安全?！眘 . 1484也有設(shè)定限制的行為或分析數(shù)據(jù)庫搜索“純粹基于一份模擬場景或假設(shè)的假定有誰能犯了罪或構(gòu)成威脅到國家安全?！?003年7月31日介紹s . 1544參議員?費(fèi)恩格德行為的數(shù)據(jù)采掘報告2003年,被提交給委員會的司法體系。在它的規(guī)定,s . 1544將要求任何部門或機(jī)構(gòu)從事數(shù)據(jù)挖掘提交一份公共提交給國會的報告中對這些活動。這些報告都需要包括各種有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)數(shù)據(jù)挖掘項目,包括一所描述的技術(shù)和數(shù)據(jù)可以用了,一份評估預(yù)期的功效的數(shù)據(jù)挖掘項目,一個隱私影響評價研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上,分析國家有關(guān)法律法規(guī),治理方案,并討論了程序為通知個人他們的個人資料將被使用,允許他們選擇離開,或者一個解釋,為什么這樣的程序不到位。 2003年7月31日,參議員穆爾科也介紹了s . 1552,保護(hù)個人權(quán)利的法案,該法案作為司法體系被提交到委員會。[56] 同上。[57] 證人在佛羅里達(dá)州出席聽證會作證參議員波拉Dockery患病,包括阿花問路易代表鸚鵡螺系統(tǒng)公司、馬克工頭代表,格雷戈里署長Kutz代表高,和杰弗里羅森副教授喬治華盛頓大學(xué)法學(xué)院。CRS16第7條規(guī)定,在它的s . 1552禁令會強(qiáng)加了一個數(shù)據(jù)挖掘任何聯(lián)邦部門或機(jī)構(gòu)“除依照法律特別授權(quán)這樣的數(shù)據(jù)采掘計劃或活動由這樣的部門或機(jī)構(gòu),“這也將要求每個部門的頭或機(jī)構(gòu),從事或者聯(lián)邦政府計劃從事任何其他相關(guān)活動開發(fā)或使用數(shù)據(jù)采掘計劃或活動的,應(yīng)當(dāng)提交給國會,更可提供給公眾的一項調(diào)查報告顯示,在這樣的活動上。在5月5日,2004年,代表介紹了數(shù)據(jù)挖掘的McDermott . 4290 2004年報告的行為是指政府改革的內(nèi)部調(diào)查委員會小組委員會的技術(shù)、信息政策、政府間關(guān)系,以及人口普查。. 4290將要求各部門和機(jī)構(gòu)的聯(lián)邦政府從事任何活動或使用數(shù)據(jù)挖掘技術(shù)或開發(fā)應(yīng)分別提交一份公開報告給美國國會的所有此類活動的部門或機(jī)構(gòu)管轄的,官員說。一個類似的規(guī)定是包含在《2528 . 4591 / s .的公民自由法案》于2004年恢復(fù)。在2004年6月16日介紹了2528 。肯尼迪參議員在年和提交給委員會對司法體系。. 4591引入代表伯曼在6月16日,2004年和提交給委員會對司法和永久的特別委員會對智力。為進(jìn)一步閱讀，可參看：RL32597 CRS報告、信息共享為國土安全:一個簡要概述,通過和杰弗里w哈羅德c Relyea Seifert。CRS報告,網(wǎng)絡(luò)隱私RL31408:概述和未處理的立法,由馬西婭s史密斯。CRS報告RL3067個人隱私保護(hù):立法機(jī)構(gòu)的反應(yīng),根據(jù)哈羅德c Relyea。存檔。CRS報告RL317隱私:全面信息意識的程序和相關(guān)的信息存取、收集和保護(hù)法律,由吉娜瑪麗史蒂文斯。CRS報告RL3178總信息意識程序:資金、組成,而忽略的問題,由艾美Belasco。DARPA,向國會報告對于恐怖主義的信息意識程序,2003年5月20日, (]。國防部的,辦公室的檢察長、信息技術(shù)管理:恐怖主義信息意識程序(D2004033)2003年12月12日,[]。譯文原件復(fù)印件Order Code RL31798CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS WebData MiningAn Overview Updated December 16, 2004 Jeffrey W. SeifertAnalyst in Information Science and Technology PolicyResources, Science, and Industry DivisionCongressional Research Serviceamp。 The Library of CongressData Mining: An OverviewSummaryData mining is emerging as one of the key features of many homeland security initiatives. Often used as a means for detecting fraud, assessing risk, and product retailing, data mining involves the use of data analysis tools to discover previously unknown, valid patterns and relationships in large data sets. In the context of homeland security, data mining is often viewed as a potential means to identify terrorist activities, such as money transfers and munications, and to identify and track individual terrorists themselves, such as through travel and immigration records.While data mining represents a significant advance in the type of analytical tools currently available, there are limitations to its capability. One limitation is that although data mining can help reveal patterns and relationships, it does not tell the user the value or significance of these patterns. These types of determinations must be made by the user. A second limitation is that while data mining can identify connections between behaviors and/or variables, it does not necessarily identify a causal relationship. To be successful, data mining still requires skilled technical and analytical specialists who can structure the analysis and interpret the output that is created.Data mining is being increasingly mon in both the private and public sectors. Industries such as banking, insurance, medicine, and retailing monly use data mining to reduce costs, enhance research, and increase sales. In the public sector, data mining applications initially were used as a means to detect fraud and waste, but have grown to also be used for purposes such as measuring and improving program performance. However, some of the homeland security data mining applications represent a significant expansion in the quantity and scope of data to be analyzed. Two efforts that have attracted a higher level of congressional interest include the Terrorism Information Awareness (TIA) project (nowdiscontinued) and the ComputerAssisted Passenger Prescreening System II (CAPPS II ) project (nowcanceled and replaced by Secure Flight).As with other aspects of data mining, while technological capabilities are important, there are other implementation and oversight issues that can influence the success of a project’s oute. One issue is data quality, which refers to the accuracy and pleteness of the data being analyzed. A second issue is the interoperability of the data mining software and databases being used by different agencies. A third issue is mission creep, or the use of data for purposes other than for which the data were originally collected. A fourth issue is privacy. Questions that may be considered include the degree to which government agencies should use and mix mercial data with government data, whether data sources are being used for purposes other than those for which they were originally designed, and possible application of the Privacy Act to these initiatives. It is anticipated that congressional oversight of data mining projects will grow as data mining efforts continue to evolve. This report will be updated as events warrant.Contents What is Data Mining? 33 Limitations of Data Mining 35Dat