【正文】 d Material Handling System?生產(chǎn)力評(píng)估系統(tǒng)6. 經(jīng)營(yíng)管理改善?價(jià)值分析/價(jià)值工程（VA/VEValue Analysis and Value Engineering）?工作分析與改善?流程分析與改善?Layout/Material Handling分析與改善?裝配性評(píng)估與改善（DFADesign For Assembly）: 人工裝配、自動(dòng)化裝配?職務(wù)分析與改善: 負(fù)荷分析、職務(wù)分配、工作改善、流程改善?組織價(jià)值分析（ORVAOrganization Value Analysis）與改善?組織結(jié)構(gòu)分析與改善: 組織層級(jí)、管理幅度?組織氣候調(diào)查（士氣調(diào)查）與改善?作業(yè)研究（ Research）?Supply Chain/Value Chain 分析與改善n Contents of Systems designed by Industrial and system engineer＊ Human Activity System1) The manufacturing process itself (or processing procedures of a service organization).2) Materials.3) Machine and equipment.4) Methods by which workers perform tasks.5) Layout of facilities and specification of material flow.6) Material handling equipment and procedures.7) Workplace design.8) Storage space size and location.9) Data recording procedures for management reporting.10) Procedures for maintenance and housekeeping.11) Safety procedures.＊ Management Control System1) Management planning system.2) Forecasting procedures.3) Budgeting and economic analyses.4) Wage and salary plans.5) Incentive plans and other employee relations systems.6) Recruiting, training, and other placement of employees.7) MRPMaterials requirement planning.8) Inventory control procedures.9) Production scheduling.10) Dispatching.11) Progress and status reporting.12) Corrective action procedures.13) Overall information system.14) Quality control system.15) Cost control and reduction.16) Resources allocation.17) Organization design. n Story of the Bedaux SystemI. Story of the Bedaux SystemIn 1911, Mr. Charles E. Bedaux experimented with the idea of measuring all human physical work in terms of a mon unit.The unit known as the Bedaux Unit of human power measurement or “B” was to consists of a bination of work and rest.The proportions between these two items were dependent upon the physical nature of the work and the subsequent rest required to pensate for it. As tasks varied, the ratio of the work to rest within the unit was to vary, but the unit itself was to remain constant at a time value of on minute.II. The Bedaux System or “E” System(Unit System)The “Unit E” is the quantity of work an experienced, skilled worker can do per minute under normal conditions, taking into account the inherent allowance for rest, personal needs.III. The “M” System(Unit System)The Unit (M) is the amount of work that can be carried out in one minute by a trained worker, under normal circumstance, and at normal speed, including allowances for interruptions as rest and personal care.The Unit (M) does not represent time in the sense of a clock time, but it is rather a measure of “work quantity” or “l(fā)abor content”.IV. ExpressionWork Quantity or Labor Content = Work + Rest (Bedaux definition) or = Work + Total Allowance (Philips definition)Example: Labor Content 1M TAFtotal allowance factor: Labor Content Work (Normal Time) TAF1M (60 seconds) = seconds + seconds (14 %)1M (60 seconds) = seconds + seconds (18 %)1M (60 seconds) = seconds + seconds (20 %)VIII. Performance RatingPerformance rating is expressing numerically the speed and effectiveness with which an operation is done, in relation to what has been defined as normal performance.Tempo means the intensity of working.In Bedaux timestudy system: Speed of the movementsTempo Skill of the movements (. proficiency, useful effect, dexterity, efficiency).IX. Normal PerformanceNormal performance is the performance of an average skilled worker doing a job under normal conditions without being stimulated by an incentive scheme.It must be possible to keep this performance from day to day without excessive physical or mental strain.As a reference for normal performance can be taken, a steady deliberate and unhurried average performance of a person, who walks around Km(3 miles) per hour or deals 52 playingcards in 30 seconds.X. Remarks Unit (English) Einheit (German) Eenheid (Dutch) 單位 (Chinese) E system : for Performance or Tempo (60 E, 75 E, 80 E) M system : for Labor Content or Work Quantity (5 M’s, M’s)n Effects of Working Conditions on determining AllowanceAllowanceValueConstant allowanceC1Personal allowance5 %C2Basic fatigue allowance4 % Variable allowanceV1Standing allowance1 %V2Abnormal position allowanceSlightly awkward0Awkward (Bending)2 %Very awkward (Lying, Stretching)7 %V3Use of force or muscular energy(Lifting, pulling, or pushing)Weight lifted:5 Pounds ( Kg)010 Pounds ( Kg)1 %15 Pounds ( Kg)2 %20 Pounds ( Kg)3 %25 Pounds ( Kg)4 %30 Pounds ( Kg)5 %35 Pounds ( Kg)7 %40 Pounds ( Kg)9 %45 Pounds ( Kg)11 %50 Pounds ( Kg)13 %60 Pounds ( Kg)17 %70 Pounds ( Kg)22 %V4Bad light Slightly below remended0Well below2 %Quite inadequate5 %V5Atmospheric conditions(Heat and Humidity)0~10 %V6Close attention Fairly fine work0Fine or exacting2 %Very fine or very exacting5 %V7Noise level Continuous0Intermittent – loud2 %Intermittent – very loud5 %High – pitched – loud5 %V8Mental strain Fairly plex process1 %Complex or wide span of attention4 %Very plex8 %V9Monotony Low0Median1 %High4 %V10Tediousness Rather tedious0Tedious2 %Very tedious5 %（Courtesy of International Labor Office, Geneva Switzerland）PHILIPS動(dòng)作分析表 頁(yè)次： /作業(yè)名稱：產(chǎn)品型號(hào)：作業(yè)區(qū)域：分析人：分析日期：LHRHLHRHLHRHLHRH5050505010101010151515152020202025252525303030303535