【正文】 he various body motions employed in doing a job for the purpose of eliminating ineffective movements and speeding effective movements．——S 3 A 1 S 3 A 2S 6A 1●語(yǔ)言交互建模(Speech Interaction Modeling) 由?。甒inograd和F．Flores(1986)建立的一門利用語(yǔ)言動(dòng)作的暗示，建構(gòu)組織工作流程的方法。 不同于將協(xié)同看作是任務(wù)或任務(wù)之間的信息流，協(xié)同通過(guò)人們的語(yǔ)言行為來(lái)得以定義。對(duì)于業(yè)務(wù)流 程，執(zhí)行時(shí)的承諾是客戶與供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行交流的基礎(chǔ)。語(yǔ)言動(dòng)作的例子有需求、提議、協(xié)定、撤銷、 拒絕提議、報(bào)告完成等?！猄 3A1S 4A 3S 4A1S 4A4 (Capture amp。 Model)：A technique developedbyT．Winograd and (1986) tomodel organizational workfiow using the metaphor of speechaction．Instead of viewing coordination as tasks or information flows between tasks，coordination is defined by the language acts through which people coordinate。For business processes，implementation conlmitments are the basis for munications in stomersupplier relationships． Examples Ofspeech—acts includerequest，offer，agreement，withdraw，counteroger，report Completion，etc．——S 3A 1 S 4A 3 S 4A 1 S 4A 4● 員工小組態(tài)度觀念評(píng)估(Employee and Team Attitude Opinion Assessment) 通過(guò)心理測(cè)試工具對(duì)工作滿意度、組織約束程度、員工對(duì)于流程重組后的新設(shè)計(jì)的工作的態(tài)度進(jìn)行評(píng) 估。 ()：Uses psychometric instruments to measure job satisfaction， orgainization coremitment，and employee opinions in connection to newly designed jobs for the reengineered process．—S3A1 S4A2 S6A1● 作用活動(dòng)圖(Role Activity Diagramming) 一種通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單易懂的圖表符號(hào)表現(xiàn)角色、動(dòng)作、事件、狀態(tài)、情景、決定、平行關(guān)系等概念的方法。 (capture amp。 Model)：The technique represents the concepts of role，action，interaction, event，state，case，decision and parxuelism in easytounderstand diagrammatic notations. (Spurr et al., 1994)——S 3A1 S 4A1 ●崗位設(shè)計(jì)(Job Design) 通過(guò)整合每個(gè)崗位的工作內(nèi)容、條件、獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)機(jī)制從而達(dá)到員工、技術(shù)、流程有效結(jié)合的技術(shù)。崗位設(shè) 計(jì)所產(chǎn)生的新機(jī)會(huì)(如授權(quán)員工參與更多的決策)作)，與流程重組有著密切關(guān)系。(Org. Analysis)：A technique to integrate work content，ualifications and rewards foreach job in a way that achieves an effective fit between people，technology and process．New opportunities for job design such as empowering employees with more decision making responsibilities are typically associated with process reengineering. ——S 4A 1 S 4A 3●社會(huì)技術(shù)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)(SocioTech System Design) 這種技術(shù)強(qiáng)調(diào)參與、學(xué)習(xí)、授權(quán)的人文主義原則，將組織看成是由掌握工具、技術(shù)和知識(shí)的人(社會(huì)系統(tǒng))所構(gòu)成的系統(tǒng)，提供產(chǎn)品和月良務(wù)。 兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)必須有效結(jié)合以達(dá)到最優(yōu)(Pava，1983)。比較典型的運(yùn)用這種方法的設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)是Mumford(1994)建立的“9步道德規(guī)范法”。 (Capture amp。 Model，Change Mgt., Org. Analysis)：Emphasizing the humanistic principles of participation，learning and empowerment，this technique views an organization as made up of people(the social system) using tools，techniques and knowledge (the technical system) to producegoods or services．The two systems must be effectively fit to one another to achieve optimal functioning (Pava，1983)．A typical design technique using this approach is the 9step ETHICS method developed by Mumford (1994)．——S 4A1 5 4A 3 S 5 A 1●軟系統(tǒng)法(Soft System Method) 該方法最初由Peter Checkland(1981)開發(fā)，用來(lái)解決非結(jié)構(gòu)化問(wèn)題的結(jié)構(gòu)化以及定義客戶的需求。這通過(guò)種技術(shù)在最初對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)情況進(jìn)行細(xì)詳盡描述和細(xì)節(jié)說(shuō)明時(shí)，需要用戶高度的參與。隨后，利用系統(tǒng)的思想，需要建立“應(yīng)有的”流程可選擇概念模型，以進(jìn)行自由分析。最后，通過(guò)對(duì)實(shí)際世界和想象 流程的比較和整合，發(fā)現(xiàn)新的解決流程。 (Capture amp。 Model，Org. Analysis)：Originally developed by Peter Checkland(1981)for structuring unstructured problems and defining user requirements，the technique requires ahigh degree of participation in first painting a detailed or rich picture，of a real world problem．Next，using system thinking，disengaged analysis requires the development of alternative conceptual models of shouldbe processes．Finally，the parison and mtegrauon of these real world and imaginary processes are discussed to discover a new course of action．——S 4A 1 S 4A 3 S 5 A 1● 工作流設(shè)計(jì)(Workflow Design) 業(yè)務(wù)流程是由一系列任務(wù)構(gòu)成的，這些任務(wù)按照指定的順序進(jìn)行，使得來(lái)自不同信息源頭的信息能夠整合，這是工作流概念的考慮思路。有三種典型的工作流：基于事件的、日常的、特別的。工作流設(shè)計(jì)的目標(biāo)就是理／頂人、流程、信息、任務(wù)、管理之間的關(guān)系?！猄 4A1S 4A 4 (Capture amp。 Model，ISSAD)：The notion of workfiow is rooted in the idea that business processes are sets of tasks done in prescribed order that incorporate information from various sources．There are three types of worknows：casebased，general，and ad hoc． The goal of workfiow design is to make the relationships between people，procedures， information，tasks，and management explicit．——S 4A 1 S 4A 4● 基于團(tuán)隊(duì)的組織設(shè)計(jì)(Tearnbased Organizational Design) 這種方法基于特定的假設(shè)％作的完成依賴于一組人員的整體協(xié)作，協(xié)作的效果來(lái)自于人們是否有共同的目標(biāo)，是否這種共同的目標(biāo)促使人彳門相互信任和相互尊重。基于團(tuán)隊(duì)管理的技術(shù)依靠多種技術(shù)的共同運(yùn)用來(lái)提高團(tuán)隊(duì)績(jī)效。例如共同進(jìn)行決策、 自行管理團(tuán)隊(duì)等。 ——S 4A 3 S 5 A 1 (Org．Analysis)：This is based on the premise that a sense of work acplishment is derived from group nfitment which is developed by member interdependence based on a mon organizational purpose that leads to trust and respect．Techniques forteambased management refer broadly to a wide variety of techniques that enhance team performance．Examples include participatory decision making，self—managed teams，etc． ——S 4A 3 S 5 A 1●信息工程(Information Engineering) 由James Martin(1990)提出的系統(tǒng)化集成的業(yè)務(wù)模型，用于建構(gòu)組織信息系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定架構(gòu)。這些模型構(gòu)成了結(jié)構(gòu)化信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的基礎(chǔ)?！猄 4A 4 (IS SAD)：Developed by James Martin(1990) to systematically integrate business models in developinga stable architectural foundation for an organization39。s information systems． These models for the basis for structured information systems development．——S 4A4● 軟件再工程(Software Reengineering) 在原有流程邏輯和數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行再造，保留舊有系統(tǒng)的可繼承部分的一種技術(shù)。通過(guò)運(yùn)用DBMS和CASE可以使新系統(tǒng)快速建立。S 4A 4 (IS SAD)：A technique for salvaging old legacy systems through reverse engineering to recover processing logic and data structure in exisdng systems．This is followed by forward engineering where new，systems can be quickly generated with DBMS and CASE tools．——S 4 A 4●數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)設(shè)計(jì)(Database Design) 在實(shí)體、屬性、關(guān)系、存取方式等方面詳細(xì)說(shuō)明數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的邏輯和物理結(jié)構(gòu)的方法。(IS SAD)：Attempts to specify the logical and physical structures of a database in terms of entities，attributes， relationships，access paths，etc．——S 4A 4●信息系統(tǒng)原型法(IS Prototyping) 這種方法通過(guò)開發(fā)一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單版本的信息系統(tǒng)，使用戶能夠達(dá)到調(diào)整他們信息需求的目的?！猄 4A 4 (ISSAD)：A technique involving the development of simplified trial versions of an information system to be presented to users for the purpose of fine tuning their information requirements．——S 4A 4● (聯(lián)合應(yīng)用開發(fā)／快速應(yīng)用開發(fā)技術(shù))Joint Application Developlnent／Rapid Application Development JAD需要對(duì)使用者正式分派任務(wù)，使其成為開