【正文】 大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 參考文獻(xiàn) 參考文獻(xiàn)[1] 北京化工研究院“板式塔”專(zhuān)題組．《篩板塔》．北京：燃化出版社, 1972．[2] 魏兆燦，李寬宏．《塔設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)》．上海：上?？萍汲霭嫔? 1988．[3] 第五設(shè)計(jì)院．《輕碳?xì)浠衔铩罚?971．[4] 化工設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)編寫(xiě)組．《金屬設(shè)備》．上海：上海人民出版社,1975．[5] 化工設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)編寫(xiě)組．《材料與零部件》．上海：上海人民出版社,1975．[6] 上?；W(xué)院編．《基礎(chǔ)化工工程》．上海：上?？萍汲霭嫔?1979．[7] 王者相，李慶炎．《鋼制壓力容器》 GB15098．北京：國(guó)家質(zhì)量技術(shù)監(jiān)督局,1998.[8] 《鋼制塔式壓力容器》．JB471092, 1992.[9] 陳國(guó)華，常澎，陳偕中．《化工設(shè)備圖樣設(shè)計(jì)要求》．全國(guó)化工設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)中 心影印和定本,2000.[10] 《形狀和位置公差》．國(guó)家質(zhì)量技術(shù)監(jiān)督局,1996.[11] 《碳素鋼，低合金鋼制人孔和手孔》HG21514～2153595．北京：中華人民共和 國(guó)工業(yè)部.[12] 天津大學(xué)基本有機(jī)教研室．《基本有機(jī)化學(xué)工程》（中冊(cè)）．北京：人民教育出 版社.[13] GB151《管殼式換熱器》國(guó)家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督局．北京：中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版社出版,2000.[14] 《鋼制管法蘭，墊片，緊固件》．北京：中華人民共和國(guó)化學(xué)工業(yè)部,1997.[15] 《鋼制化工容器材料選用規(guī)定》．北京：國(guó)家石油和化學(xué)工業(yè)局,1998.[16] 《鋼制化工容器設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)規(guī)定》．北京：國(guó)家石油和化學(xué)工業(yè)局,1998.[17] 《鋼制化工容器設(shè)計(jì)強(qiáng)度計(jì)算規(guī)定》．北京：國(guó)家石油和化學(xué)工業(yè)局,1998.[18] 《鋼制化工容器制造技術(shù)要求》．北京：國(guó)家石油和化學(xué)工業(yè)局,1998.沈陽(yáng)化工大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 附 錄附錄 Controlled Cycling DistillationThis new method of controlled distillation can leadto new types of equipment for conventional processes CONTRULLED CYCLING is a new method of operating various types of existing equipment including distillation towers and permits new types of equipment to be designed for many conventional processes with some important advantages. For example, no downers are needed on plates that are operated with controlled cycling, and capacity is greater than that attainable with conventional is the purpose of this paper to report the results of applying controlled cycling to several types of plates in distillation towers.Equipment and Operation The test towers were made of 2inch inside diameter flanged, glass pipe,one with nine plates spaced 18l/2 inches and the other with 17 plates spaced g1/2 inches apart. The test mixture employed was benzenetoluene at atmospheric pressure and was analyzed by boiling point measurements. Plate Type No. 1 was a 39。/*inch thick brass plate with 19 holes l / 8 inch in diameter spaced on equilateral triangles. 39。The free area was .Plate Type No. 2 was similar to Type No. 1 but it had 61 holes with a free area of %.Plate Type KO. 3 is simply a 10mesh screen of diameter wire with a free area of 56%. The rate of boil up in the steam heated stillpot was controlled automatically by use of column pressure drop. A simple manometer circuit contained one fixed electrode immersed in the manometer liquid and one movable electrode that could be set for any desired column pressure drop. When the set pressure drop was reached a small electric current flowed through the manometer circuit to a simple electronicrelay which operated the electric valve in the steam line to the still. Excellent control was attained. The vapor line leading from the still to the base of the tower contained an electric valve which was controlled by a cycle timer. This permitted the control of the time for each of the two periods of the cycle, the vapor flow period and the liquid flow period. The base of the tower was 4 feet above the liquid level in the boiler and a LT bend in the liquidline prevented back flow into the tower when the vapor valve was closed.The condenser was directly attached to the top plate, and during the vaporflow period the condensate caused the liquid level on the top plate to increase but caused no trouble in operation.ResultsThe results with plate Type No. 1 were of little importance. When thecolumn was operated without cycling,flooding occurred at such a low boil up rate it could not be measured with any accuracy. With cycling the flood rate was 26 liters of liquid per hour and an overall plate efficiency of 60% was obtained for the nine plates spaced at 18l/g inches. At flooding, the column Ffactor was and the total column pressure drop was 108 mm of all of the data and figures: the Ffactors and vapor velocities are average values that were puted over the time for the plete cycle and not just for the vapor flow period. Such average values are the true measure of column capacity and must be used for parison with other columns. shown in Figure 1. Note that when a cycle of seconds was used, the maximum rate was increased from feet per second without cycling to feet per second with cycling。 thelatter figure corresponds to an Ffactor of . Note that a column pressure drop of 15 mm. of Hg. corresponds to a vapor velocity of feet per second without cycling and feet per second with cycling. This amounts to a 48% increase in total vapor load at a fixed pressure drop. The data illustrate an interesting fact, namely, that the maximum rate of phase flow is not dictated by physical dimensions of the equipment and the properties of system only, but it is also a function of the method of operation employed. Thus, for example, the authors believe that the capacity of existing bubblecap plate towers as well as other types can be increased by use of controlled cycling. One can operate at two different pressure drops for the same vapor velocity. This is easily explained. Boil up is increased by increasing the distance between the electrodes in the the maximum vapor velocity point is passed, the froth height on the plate increases rapidly as one increases the pressure drop by increasing the distance between the electrodes. Thus one can operate at different liquid depthson the plate. The more torturous path for the vapor at high liquid depth produces a high pressure drop that causes the steam valve to close sooner than when the liquid depth is that which exists at maximum vapor velocity. The same phenomena have also been obtained in packed towers when this type of boil up control is used. In this case, the higher pressure drop corresponds to a higher liquid holdup in the packing. It is also of interest to note in Figure 2 that the maximum plate efficiency occurs in the area of high vapor velocities.