5語言和大腦language-and-brain-資料下載頁
2025-07-26 05:43本頁面
【正文】 has to try to put the sounds and words he has leant together in order to produce and prehend L2 utterances. ? 3. Embedding (嵌入） ?The news that (he had got married) surprised his friends. The learner has to make utterances fit the context—situational and linguistic– in which they occur. This requires ?a sort of balance of linguistic and contextual information‘. 4. Matching The learner must continuously pare his current language variety with the target variety. ? c. Connectionism 連接主義 ? 指將一種基于數(shù)字計算而不是符號操作、模擬認知功能的計算框架應(yīng)用于語言學(xué)。模擬假設(shè)在大腦中起作用的各種結(jié)構(gòu)和過程，網(wǎng)絡(luò)的處理單位叫做‘神經(jīng)元’或‘節(jié)點’ ,每一個單位從與其連接的其他單位獲取信息，從而或被激活或被抑制 。 ? Many connectionism studies provide evidence to support associative accounts of learning. There is growing interest in this explanation for second language acquisition. ? Researchers working within these frameworks are proposing that language is represented in the mind as a very large number of linguistic units with varying degrees of likelihood (可能性） of cooccurrence, rather than as a set of linguistic rules for creating novel（新的） sentences. ? d. Multidimensional Model 多維模型 ? The syntactic （ 句法 ） and morphological （詞法）features were referred to as ‘developmental’. Other features referred to as ‘variational, appeared to be learned by some but not all learners and, in any case, did not appear to be learned in a fixed sequence. ? Developmental: Second language learners acquire certain syntactic and morphological features of the L2 in predictable stages. ? Variational: L2 is not learned in a fixed sequence. 90 ? Because each stage reflected an increase in plexity, a learner had to grasp one stage before moving to the next, and it was not possible to ?skip a stage‘. One of the pedagogical implications drawn from the research related to the Multidimensional Model is the ‘Teachability Hypothesis’ that learners can only be taught what they are psycholinguistically ready to learn. (. present tense, present continuous tense, future tense, past tense, present perfect tense… )
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