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【正文】 ves are likely to arise from assessment capturing only some of the learning objectives, with the result that others will be ignored by some students. Lecturers are encouraged to consider ‘constructively aligning’ their courses. What this means is that teaching and study methods, class activities, reading and assessment should all match the learning objectives of the course or module. Page 52 216。 (Threshold Concept 6) 1. How may welfare benefits be seen as a means of correcting market failures? Does the payment of such benefits create any problems for society? A market economy may lead to a very unequal society. To the extent that this is seen as a market failure, then benefits can help to correct it by redistributing ine from richer to poorer people. The main problems from benefits are:167。 They may discourage people from looking for work if this will result in them losing their benefits.167。 They may be set at too low a level to make a significant difference to inequality.167。 The higher taxes that must be paid to fund the benefits may act as a disincentive to taxpayers generally to work so much. This will reduce the level of the country’s production and ine.These issues are examined in section . 216。 (Threshold Concept 7) 2. Assume that the government sees litter as a market failure that requires government action. Give some examples of policies it could adopt to reduce litter.Having litter wardens who could fine people for dropping litter。 increasing fines for dropping litter。 having an antilitter campaign on television or on posters。 requiring schools to include ‘litter awareness’ as part of citizenship education。 requiring fast food outlets to provide adequate wastebins and encourage their use。 putting a tax on plastic bags and packaging to encourage manufacturers, shops and consumers to find alternatives. 53 216。 Draw a supply and demand diagram with the price of labour (the wage rate) on the vertical axis and the quantity of labour (the number of workers) on the horizontal axis. What will happen to employment if the government raises wages from the equilibrium to some minimum wage above the equilibrium? The diagram will look like Figure in the text. Employment will fall to Qd workers. The supply of workers will rise to Qs. There will thus be unemployment (a surplus of workers) of Qs minus Qd. 54 216。 Think of some examples where the price of a good or service is kept below the equilibrium (. rent controls). In each case consider the advantages and disadvantages of the policy. Two examples are:167。 Rent controls. Advantages: makes cheap housing available to those who would otherwise have difficulty in affording reasonable acmodation. Disadvantages: causes a reduction in the supply of private rented acmodation。 causes demand to exceed supply and thus some people will be unable to find acmodation.167。 Tickets for a concert. Advantages: allows the price to be advertised in advance and guarantees a full house。 makes seats available to those who could not afford the freemarket price. Disadvantages: causes queuing or seats being only available to those booking well in advance.7
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