【正文】 H）L=the average sentence length in a passageH=the percentage of hard (inaccessible) words in the passageWhat should be known:① the total number of words。② the total number of sentences。③ the total number of hard words( at least 3 syllables, not counting inflection or pounding).Smaller=easierAn easily accessible text: about 10 or fewerAn casual conversation: about 5A legal document: more than 20Practice: 書P691Women amp。 Men / Black English / Taboo amp。 EuphemismTaboo: Taboo is often used to refer to a word or expression which is avoided by some people for religious, political, social, sexual, or other reasons and is usually replaced by a corresponding euphemism.Euphemism: A euphemism is often defined as substituting an inoffensive or pleasant word or expression for a more offensive one. Euphemism can even make the harsh reality appear neutral, which is why they are often employed by politicians in order to take the people in and endear themselves to the public.1Conversation（定義，特征，各level 特征分析）Conversation refers to the act or an instance of talking together, for example, a familiar talk between friends。 a verbal exchange of ideas, etc.Common features: ① informality② inexplicitness③ normal nonfluency④ lexical banality⑤ syntactic looseness⑥ randomness of subject matter1Public speaking（定義，特征，構(gòu)成要素）(1) Public speeches are speeches delivered in public for a special purpose, such as openclass lectures or seminars in a university, religious preaches in the church, speeches delivered at a meeting or conference, the inaugural address of the president elect, etc.(2) General features: formal in style, clear and vivid in tone, persuasive in purpose(3) Types①The informative② The persuasive③ The entertaining④ The stimulating(4) Ways of delivery（效果，分別的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)）① Reading from a manuscript② Reciting from memory③ Impromptu speaking④ Extemporaneous speaking（outline）三四兩種的區(qū)別1News Reporting★(1) News reporting is the reporting of anything timely which has importance, use or interest to a considerable number of persons in a publication audience.(2) Classification①Place：National amp。 Provincial②Contents: Quality Papers（嚴(yán)肅性）amp。 Popular Papers（大眾性）③Time: Morning, noon, evening, Sunday④Nature: Hard news（純新聞），Soft news(3) Field: politics, economy, military, culture, technology, etc.Tenor: the journalists and masses different purposesMode: radio, broadcast, TV broadcast, newspaper, and magazine.(4) Definition of news(5) News value: timeliness, freshness（時新性）；importance, prominence（顯著性）；locality, proximity（接近性）；oddity, weirdness, novelty（新奇性）；interest(6) The Makeup of News Report★書上例子及課后習(xí)題一定要看3 parts: the headline, the lead, the body1 The Headline①Definition: the text in large bold type at the top of the newspaper article, indicating the nature of the article below it.②Function: a) to advertise or sell the newsb) to summarize the storyc) to beautify the page④ Main features:a) The omission of articles and the link verbb) Frequent use of abbreviationsc) Present tense is often usedd) Short powerful words are often employede) The use of premodificationf) Frequent use of figures of speech⑤ Lexical features:a) a cronym and shortened words（縮略詞和截短詞）b) colloquial and conversational words（口語化詞）c) midget words（小詞）d) the use of premodification⑥ Formats of Headlinesa) The banner/streamer 通欄標(biāo)題b) The flush left head 左對齊式（垂直式）標(biāo)題c) The dropped line/indented headd) The centered heade) The crossline/key line head單行標(biāo)題f) The step head 齊頭標(biāo)題g) The pyramid head h) The inverted pyramid headi) The jump head2 The Lead導(dǎo)語① Definition: The lead is the first or the first few paragraphs of the news report, consisting of the newest, most important, or the most attractive facts.② Who, what, when, where, ,why③ Features: succinct, informative and intriguing④ Forms:a) The contrast lead對比式導(dǎo)語b) The question lead提問式導(dǎo)語c) The quotation lead引語式導(dǎo)語d) The blind lead 盲式導(dǎo)語e) The descriptive lead描寫性導(dǎo)語f) The main fact lead 主要事實(shí)導(dǎo)語g) The anecdotal lead 軼事導(dǎo)語h) The personal lead3 The body①The body is the main part of the news report.②Writing method:a) The inverted pyramid methodb) The chronological methodc) The highlight method(7) Stylistic features1Advertising書上例子要看①Advertising is the nonpersonal munication of information, usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about the products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through various media.② Function:a) Information giving functionb) Demandcreating functionc) Distribution stimulating functiond) New customer introducing functione) Getaction functionf) Goodwill establishing function③ Classification:a) By medium, newspaper ads, magazine ads, TV ads, radio ads, direct mail ads, outdoor ads, human body ads, Internet ads, etc.b) By audience, consumer ads, business ads(mercial ads)。 service ads, specified ads, charity ads, etc.c) By writing methods, hardsell ads(intellect, fact, reason, telling advantages, serious, factual, accurate, objective) and softsell ads(emotion, figures of speech)⑤ Elements of adsHeadline, the illustrations, the body copy, the slogan, the trademark, and the standing details (supplementary items).⑥ Writing methods of the bodycopya) The straightline copy (objective, industrial products, cars, camera, with plicated structures)b) The narrative copy (storytelling)c) The testimonial copy ( use some VIPs or people in real life to introduce the product)⑦Stylistic features