【正文】 l Constraints Theory (Kim, 2022) ? Goals approach ? Want to understand “why” certain types of verbal strategies are preferred by a cultural group ? Predictability of strategy choices ? Want to discover underlying reasons why specific strategy choices are made across cultures and how general impressions of petence are formed. CultureBased Conversational Constraints Theory ? Conversational constraints (Kim, 1993, 1995) ? “cognitive generators of tactical preferences” (Kim, 2022, p. 95) ? principles that guide an individual’s conversational style in general. ? General and overarching criteria for choosing conversational strategy (Kim, 1993) CultureBased Conversational Constraints Theory ? Knowledge of interaction goals is cast at 3 levels of abstraction ? 1. tactical or strategic goals ? Desires for a specific behavioral action (. raise eyebrows, ask a question, turn away) ? 2. primary munication goals ? desires for the oute of a conversation (. gaining pliance, seeking information, testing affinity) ? 3. global goals ? Guide conversational style in general (., Clarity/efficiency and facesupport/ appropriateness) CultureBased Conversational Constraints Theory ? 5 global constraints ? Concern for clarity ? Concern for minimizing imposition ? Concern for other’s feelings ? Concern for avoiding negative evaluation by the hearer ? Effectiveness CultureBased Conversational Constraints Theory Kim (1994) No significant cultural differences in concern for avoiding negative evaluation by the hearer (appropriateness) and in concern for effectiveness. Group differences emerge in terms of what predicts effectiveness Korea: avoid neg. eval/hurting other US: clarity Independent and Interdependent SelfConstruals (Markus amp。 Kitayama, 1991) SELF SELF Mother Coworker Friend Neighbour Mother Coworker Friend Neighbour Independent Interdependent Independent and Interdependent SelfConstruals (Markus amp。 Kitayama, 1991) ? Independent ? Separate from social context ? Bounded, unitary, stable ? Internal, private (feelings, thoughts) ? Life tasks: Be unique, express self, selfactualization ? Selfesteem depends on ability to express self, validate internal attributes ? Direct munication ? Interdependent ? Connected with social context ? Flexible, variable ? External, public (roles, statuses, relationships) ? Life tasks: belong, fitin, engage in appropriate action, promote others’ goals ? Self esteem depends on ability to adjust, maintain harmony, restrain self ? Indirect munication CultureBased Conversational Constraints Theory ? (Kim et al., 1994。 Kim amp。 Sharkey, 1995) ? The higher the level of independent selfconstruals, the greater the concern for clarity。 ? The higher the level of interdependent selfconstruals, the higher the perceived importance of not hurting the hearer’s feelings. ? The higher the level of interdependent selfconstruals, the greater the concern for negative evaluations.