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and ?G? ? The overall free energy change for a reaction is related to the equilibrium constant ? The free energy of activation for a reaction is related to the rate constant ? It is extremely important to appreciate this distinction! How do enzymes work? ? Enzymes accelerate reactions by lowering the free energy of activation HOW? Four contributing factors to enzyme catalysis NO ONE MECHANISM ACCOUNTS FOR CATALYSIS ALONE! ? Specific substrate binding – local concentration of reactants – productive orientation of reactants – binding energy used to offset loss of entropy ? Control over solvent interactions – desolvation (binding energy offsets) – ordered solvent in binding pocket ? Induction of strain on reactants ? Alternate reactive pathway – transient involvement of enzyme functional groups How do enzymes work? ? Enzymes accelerate reactions by lowering the free energy of activation ? Enzymes do this by binding the transition state of the reaction better than the substrate