【正文】 . ? Second, remote execution RPCs with high POR are executed remotely, and RPCs with low POR are executed locally. 8/14/2022 Spring 2022 Lecture 11 46 CloneCloud ? Developed by Intel Research Lab Berkeley: move the smart phones to the cloud puting environment. ? CloneCloud uses a smart phone’s highspeed work connection to municate with a copy of itself that lives in a cloudputing environment on remote servers. ? The clone on the Cloud is much more powerful than the actual smart phone and when the user executes a particular task, it is done either on the phone or on the cloud depending on the resources needed for the task. In the later case the results are reintegrated back on the smart phone. 8/14/2022 Spring 2022 Lecture 11 47 CloneCloud Architecture 8/14/2022 Spring 2022 Lecture 11 48 ThinkAir ? ThinkAir exploits the concept of smartphone virtualization in the cloud and provides methodlevel putation offloading, parallelizing method execution using multiple VM images. – (1) provides an efficient way to perform ondemand resource allocation, – (2) exploits parallelism by dynamically creating, resuming, and destroying VMs in the cloud when needed. ? Any method to be considered for offloading is annotated with @Remote. 8/14/2022 Spring 2022 Lecture 11 49 Profiler ? Three profilers (hardware, software, and work) ? Use Android intents to register listeners with the system to track battery levels, data connectivity presence, and connection types (WiFi, cellular, etc.) and subtypes (GPRS, UMTS, etc.). 8/14/2022 Spring 2022 Lecture 11 50 HW Profiler ? CPU. The CPU can be idle or have a utilization from 1–100% as well as different frequencies。 ? Screen. The LCD screen has a brightness level between 0–255。 ? WiFi. The power state of WiFi interface is either low or high。 ? 3G. The 3G radio can be either idle, or in use with a shared or dedicated channel. 8/14/2022 Spring 2022 Lecture 11 51 SW Profiler ? Uses the standard Android Debug API to record the following information. – Overall execution time of the method。 – Thread CPU time of the method, to discount the affect of preemption by another process。 – Number of instructions executed。 – Number of method calls。 – Thread memory allocation size。 – Garbage Collector invocation count, both for the current thread and globally. 8/14/2022 Spring 2022 Lecture 11 52 Network Profiler ? Combines both intent and instrumentationbased profiling. ? In addition, the Network Profiler tracks several other parameters for the WiFi and 3G interfaces, including – the number of packets transmitted and received per second – uplink channel rate and uplink data rate for the WiFi interface, – receiving and transmitting data rate for the 3G interface. 8/14/2022 Spring 2022 Lecture 11 53 Energy Estimation Model ? Uses PowerTutor model which accounts for power consumption of CPU, LCD screen, GPS, WiFi, 3G, and audio interfaces on HTC Dream and HTC Magic phones. ? We modify the original PowerTutor model to acmodate the fact that certain ponents such as GPS and audio have to operate locally and cannot be migrated to the cloud. 8/14/2022 Spring 2022 Lecture 11 54 References ? Asaf Cidon, Tomer M. London, Sachin Katti, Christos Kozyrakis, Mendel Rosenblum (Stanford), MARS: adaptive remote execution for multithreaded mobile devices, MobiHeld 2022 ? Sokol Kosta, Andrius Aucinas, Pan Hui, Richard Mortier, Xinwen Zhang: Unleashing the Power of Mobile Cloud Computing using ThinkAir INFOCOM: 2022 – ? Intel CloneCloud – ? ShihHao Hung, ChiSheng Shih, JengPeng Shieh, ChenPang Lee, YiHsiang Huang: Executing mobile applications on the cloud: Framework and issues. Computers amp。 Mathematics with Applications 63(2): 573587 (2022) 8/14/2022 Spring 2022 Lecture 11 55