【正文】 that’s Too Hot ? Need to Check Units for All Possible Ways They Could Leak Materials ? Bad Tubing ? “O” Rings Out of Spec ? “O” Rings Too Old (Dry) Measurement ? No Testing for Leaks Prior to QA ? Need to ID by Mfr./Model Which Units Leak the Most Irwin/McGrawHill 45 PDCA Cycle (Deming Wheel) 1. Plan a change aimed at improvement. 1. Plan 2. Execute the change. 2. Do 3. Study the results。 did it work? 3. Check 4. Institutionalize the change or abandon or do it again. 4. Act Irwin/McGrawHill 46 What is Six Sigma? ?A sweeping culture change effort to position a pany for greater customer satisfaction, profitability and petitiveness (developed by Motorola in the late 1970’s) ? A goal of near perfection in meeting customer requirements ? A prehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining and maximizing business success。 uniquely driven by close understanding of customer needs, disciplined use of facts, data, and statistical analysis, and diligent attention to managing, improving and reinventing business processes Irwin/McGrawHill 47 Six Sigma DMAIC Process Measure Control Define Analyze Improve Define: Define who your customers are, and what their requirements are for your products and services – Their expectations. Define your team goals, project boundaries, what you will focus on and what you won’t. Define the process you are striving to improve by mapping the process. Irwin/McGrawHill 48 Six Sigma DMAIC Process Measure Control Define Analyze Improve Measure: Eliminate guesswork and assumptions about what customers need and expect and how well processes are working. Collect data from many sources to determine speed in responding to customer requests, defect types and how frequently they occur, client feedback on how processes fit their needs, how clients rate us over time, etc. The data collection may suggest Charter revision. Irwin/McGrawHill 49 Six Sigma DMAIC Process Measure Control Define Analyze Improve Analyze: Grounded in the context of the customer and petitive environment, analyze is used to anize data and look for process problems and opportunities. This step helps to identify gaps between current and goal performance, prioritize opportunities to improve, identify sources of variation and root causes of problems in the process. Irwin/McGrawHill 50 Six Sigma DMAIC Process Measure Control Define Analyze Improve Improve: Generate both obvious and creative solutions to fix and prevent problems. Finding creative solutions by correcting root causes requires innovation, technology and discipline. Irwin/McGrawHill 51 Six Sigma DMAIC Process Measure Control Define Analyze Improve Control: Insure that the process improvements, once implemented, will “hold the gains” rather than revert to the same problems again. Various control tools such as statistical process control can be used. Other tools such as procedure documentation helps institutionalize the improvement. Irwin/McGrawHill 52 Six Sigma DMADV Process Measure Validate Define Analyze Design Design: Develop detailed design for new process. Determine and evaluate enabling elements. Create control and testing plan for new design. Use tools such as simulation, benchmarking, DOE, Quality Function Deployment (QFD), FMECA analysis, and cost/benefit analysis. Irwin/McGrawHill 53 Six Sigma DMADV Process Measure Validate Define Analyze Design Validate: Test detailed design with a pilot implementation. If successful, develop and execute a fullscale implementation. Tools in this step include: planning tools, flowcharts/other process management techniques, and work documentation.