【正文】 ok like a bank，and a church should be immediately identifiable as such. 因此，銀行看起來就應當像銀行，而教堂則應該立刻被認出是教堂。 Ideally，too，any building should seem to belong on its site，with some relationship to its architectural neighbors and the local geography． 最理想的是任何建筑物都應當各得其所，和相鄰建筑物以及當?shù)氐牡乩砬闆r保持某種關系。 Through the related architectural forms shaped by their purpose，governed by the materials， proportioned and given scale and character by the designer，buildings bee expressions of the ideals and aspirations of the generations that built them．The successive styles of historic architecture are incarnations of the spirit of their times． 通過相關的建筑形式（這些形式由它們的功能構成，由材料確定，由設計者確定比例和給定尺寸及特征），建筑物成了修建它們的那代人的理想和抱負的展示。有歷史意義的建筑的連續(xù)風格就是那個時代的精神化身。 This text mainly introduced the relationship between the form of building and the environment, the aspect of architeture, and the relationship between building and architeture. It also introduced some building materials, such as wood, steel, stone. 這篇文章主要介紹了建筑物的形式和環(huán)境的關系，建筑學的有關概念，建筑物和建筑學的關系。這篇文章還介紹了一些建筑材料，比如木材、鋼材和石料。 Lesson 3 Components of A Building 建筑物的組成 Materials and structural forms are bined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load carrying frame, skin, floors, and partitions. 材料和結構形式被組合在一起形成了建筑物的不同部分。包括承重的框架、外墻、樓板層、以及隔墻。 The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. 建筑物還有機械和電力系統(tǒng)，比如，電梯、供暖制冷系統(tǒng)，照明系統(tǒng)。 The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground. 上部結構是建筑物在地面上的部分 , 而下部結構以及基礎是建筑物的地下部分。super 表示“在...上,加之”之義。superabundant 過多的, 有余的 The skyscraper, owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century：steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator. 摩天大樓的存在歸功于19世紀的兩個發(fā)展：鋼結構施工和載人電梯。 Steel as a construction material dates from the introduction of the Bessemer converter in 1855. 鋼材作為一種建筑材料是始于1855年貝色麥轉(zhuǎn)爐煉鋼法的引入。 Gustave Eiffel(18321923)introduce steel construction in France. 居斯塔夫?埃菲爾將鋼結構施工引入法國。 His designs for the Galerie des Machines and the Tower for the Paris Exposition of 1889 expressed the lightness of the steel framework. 他為1889年巴黎博覽會設計的機器陳列館和鐵塔表現(xiàn)了鋼結構的輕質(zhì)性。 The Eiffel Tower, 984 feet (300 meters) high, was the tallest structure built by man and was not surpassed until 40 years later by a series of American skyscrapers. 埃菲爾鐵搭高達300m，是當時人類修建的最高的結構，直到40年后，其高度才被美國的一系列的摩天大樓超過。 The first elevator was installed by Elisha Otis in a department store in New York, in 1857. 第一部電梯是由美國人奧的斯在1857年安裝在紐約的一座商場里。 In 1889, Eiffel installed the first elevators on a grand scale in the Eiffel Tower, whose hydraulic elevators could transport 2,350 passengers to the summit every hour. 1889年，埃菲爾首次在埃非爾鐵塔上安裝大型升降機，這種液壓式升降機每小時可以運送2350位乘客到最高點。 Until the late 19th century, the exterior walls of a building were used as bearing walls to support the floors. 直到19世紀晚期，建筑物的外墻都還是用作承重墻體，以承受樓板傳遞的荷載。 This construction is essentially a post and lintel type, and it is still used in frame construction for houses. 這種建筑本質(zhì)上就是柱和過梁的組合類型，它仍然被用在房屋的框架結構中。 Bearingwall construction limited the height of buildings because of the enormous wall thickness required。 for instance, the 16story Monadnock Building built in the 188039。s in Chicago had walls 5 feet ( meters) thick at the lower floors. 承重墻體限制了建筑物的高度，因為墻體的厚度要求很厚；比如，1891年芝加哥建成的16層高的蒙諾那克大樓。 In 1883, William Le Baron Jenney (18321907) supported floors on castiron columns to form a cagelike construction. 在 1883 年，詹尼將樓板設置在鑄鐵柱上形成一個像籠子一樣的建筑物。 Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was first used in 1889. 框架建筑，由鋼梁和柱組成，最早運用于1889年。 As a consequence of skeleton construction, the enclosing walls bee a curtain wall rather than serving a supporting function. 隨框架建筑出現(xiàn)的一個產(chǎn)物就是圍護墻體成了“幕墻”，不再起承重的功能。 Masonry was the curtain wall material until the 193039。s, when light metal and glass curtain walls were used. 二十世紀三十年代以前都是采用磚石作為幕墻材料，此后都是用輕型金屬和玻璃作為幕墻材料。 After the introduction of the steel skeleton, the height of buildings continued to increase rapidly. 隨著鋼結構的引入，建筑物的高度迅速增加。 All tall buildings were built with a skeleton of steel until World War II. 直到二次世界大戰(zhàn)，所有的高層建筑都采用鋼結構。 After the war, the shortage of steel and the improved quality of concrete led to tall buildings being built of reinforced concrete. 戰(zhàn)后，鋼材的短缺和混凝土質(zhì)量的改進，促使高層建筑采用鋼筋混凝土。 Marina Towers (1962) in Chicago is the tallest concrete building in the United States；its height—588 feet (179 meters)—is exceeded by the 650foot (198meter) Post Office Tower in London and by other towers． 芝加哥的Marina塔是美國最高的混凝土建筑；它的高度（179m）被倫敦的郵政大樓（198m）和其它的塔超過了。 A change in attitude about skyscraper construction has brought a return to the use of the bearing wall. 對于摩天大樓態(tài)度的改變，使得人們又回到了對承重墻體的使用。 In New York City, the Columbia Broadcasting System Building, designed by Eero Saarinen in 1962, has a perimeter wall consisting of 5foot () wide concrete columns spaced 10 feet (3 meters) from column center to center. 在紐約市，埃諾沙里寧設計的哥倫比亞廣播大樓，柱距為3m的混凝土柱子組成。 This perimeter wall, in effect, constitutes a bearing wall. 這片墻體實際上形成了一個承重墻體。 One reason for this trend is that stiffness against the action of wind can be economically obtained by using the walls of the building as a tube。 the World Trade Center, buildings are another example of this tube approach. 這種趨勢出現(xiàn)的一個原因就是將建筑物作為一個筒體，可以更經(jīng)濟的利用外邊的墻體抵御風荷載的作用。世貿(mào)中心就是利用筒體的一個例子。 In contrast, rigid frames or vertical trusses are usually provided to give lateral stability. 相反，剛性框架或垂直