【正文】 ects of overload,understrength,and approximations used in structural analysis.3） 逐漸屈服稱為逐漸塑化，表示當屈服開始時截面并未出現(xiàn)破壞The phenomenon of progressive yielding,referred to as plastification,means that the cross section does not fail at first yield.4） 只有當足夠數(shù)量的斷面屈服，形成塑性破壞機構(gòu)后，才出現(xiàn)整個結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞Failure will occur only when enough cross section have yielded,rendering the structure unstable,resulting in the formation of a plastic collapse mechanism.5） 在極限狀態(tài)設(shè)計中，結(jié)構(gòu)或其構(gòu)件按照它們有用性的極限進行設(shè)計，這種極限可能與強度有關(guān)，也可能與適用性有關(guān)In a limit state design,the structure or structural ponent is designed in accordance to its limits of usefulness,which may be strength related or serviceability related.第十二課 測量或大地測量是一種技術(shù)和科學，用來精確測定點的大地或三維位置及其它們之間的距離和角度。Surveying or land surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or threedimensional space position of points and the distances and angles between then. 有史以來，測量就是人文環(huán)境發(fā)展的一個主要因素，而且也用于幾乎所有結(jié)構(gòu)的規(guī)劃和施工。Surveying has been an essential element in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history and it is a requirement in the planning and execution of nearly every from of construction. 為了測量水平距離，要根據(jù)溫度將卷尺拉緊以減小其下垂。In order to measure horizontal distances, these chains or tapes would be pulled taut according to temperature,to reduce sagging and slack. 測量高度的最簡單方法就是采用高度計，本質(zhì)上講就是氣壓計，它以氣壓作為高度指標。The simplest method for measuring height is with an altimeterbasically a barometerusing air pressure as an indication of height, but surveying requires greater precision. 單人式自動操縱全站儀能使測量人員取得精確測量結(jié)果而無需額外的人員來觀看和擰動望遠鏡或記錄數(shù)據(jù)。Oneperson roboticguided total stations allow surveyors to gather precise measurements without extra workers to look through and turn the telescope or record data.第十三課 土的力學性能直接取決于其三相的相互作用和所受到的各種勢能作用。The mechanical properties of soils depend directly on the interactions of these phases with each other and with applied potentials. 盡管非粘土材料的量要大于粘土和有機材料的和，但后者對土性能的影響更大。Although, the amount of nonclay material is greater than that if clay and organic material, the latter have a greater influence in the behavior of soils. 初始條件決定了具有高空隙率的新近堆積土或新壓實土的結(jié)構(gòu)。Initial conditions dominate the structure of young deposits at high porosity or freshly pacted soils. 由于粘粒的質(zhì)量極小，其性能取決于顆粒表面的靜電引力和斥力。As their mass is extremely small their behavior is governed b7 force of electrostatic attraction and repulsion on their surfaces. 有效應力是對土骨架應力的測度，且決定了土的抗剪能力。Effective stress is a measure of the stress on the soil skeleton and determines the ability of soil to resist shear stress.第十四課 基礎(chǔ)的沉降量取決于許多因素，如地基土的類型、土壓力、基礎(chǔ)埋深和基礎(chǔ)類型等。The amount of settlement depends on many factors, such as the type of soil, the load intensity, the depth below ground level, and the type of footing. 如果基礎(chǔ)上荷載的合力與基礎(chǔ)底面的形心不重合，便會在基礎(chǔ)上產(chǎn)生彎矩。If the resultant of the applied loads does not coincide with the centroid of the bearing area, a bending moment develops. 筏基能使結(jié)構(gòu)物浮于地基土上，由于其剛度很大，不均與沉降將很小。Raft foundation enables the structure to float on the soil,.and because of its rigidity it permits negligible differential settlement. 容許基底壓力通過荷載試驗或其他實驗方法以土力學的原理加以確定.Allowable bearing pressures are established from principles of soil mechanics on the basis of load tests and other experimental determinations. 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計應使其具有足夠的強度以抵抗外荷載所產(chǎn)生的彎矩、剪力和其他內(nèi)力.The footing must be designed to develop the necessary strength to resist all moments, shears,and other internal actions caused by the applied loads.第十六課 由地震引起的震動產(chǎn)生與結(jié)構(gòu)與地基、或預期毗鄰結(jié)構(gòu)、或海嘯引起的重力波等的接觸面。It happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground, or with adjacent structures, or with gravitational waves from tsunami. 抗震性能就是建筑物或結(jié)構(gòu)在其經(jīng)歷一次特定地震期間和之后完成其預定功能的能力，如其安全性和適用性。Earthquake or seismic performance is an execution of a building39。s or structure39。s ability to sustain their due functions, such as its safety and serviceability, at and after a particular earthquake exposure. 工程師必須知曉建筑物受到特定地面震動后真實或預計的抗震性能水平。Engineers need to know the quantified level of an actual or anticipated seismic performance associated with the direct damage to an individual building subject to a specified ground shaking 了解結(jié)構(gòu)抗震的最好方法就是將結(jié)構(gòu)置于模擬抗地震的振動臺上，并觀察可能發(fā)生的現(xiàn)象The best way to do it is to put the structure on a shaketable that simulates the earth shaking and watch what may happen next. 一般而言，抗震分析是基于結(jié)構(gòu)動力學中的方法，如地震反應譜法。In general, seismic analysis is based on the method of structural dynamics,such as the earthquake response method.短語： kilnfired material 窯燒制材料 Cinder block 煤渣砌塊 Sandcrete block 細骨料混凝土砌塊 Reinforced concrete 鋼筋混凝土 Curtain wall 幕墻 Intensive property 強度性質(zhì)、廣延性質(zhì) Yield strength 屈服強度 Offset strain 條件應變、殘留變形應變 Breaking strength 斷裂強度 Coldworked 冷加工過的1 Glass transition 玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變1 Wideflange beam 寬翼緣工字梁1 Statically determinate 靜定的1 Prestressed concrete beam 預應力混凝土梁1 Eccentric axial load 偏心軸向荷載1 EulerBernoulli beam equation 歐拉貝努利梁公式1 Method of virtual work 虛功法1 Slope deflection method 轉(zhuǎn)角位移法 1 Moment distribution method 彎矩分配法 Force or flexibility method 力法(柔度法)2 Matrix stiffness method 矩陣剛度法2 Planar truss 平面桁架2 Threedimensional framework 三維桁架2 Pithed truss 坡頂桁架2 Truncated truss 截頂桁架2 Pinned support 鉸支2 Flexural rigidity 彎曲剛度2 Boundary condition 邊界條件2 Trivial solution 平凡解 Radius of gyration 回轉(zhuǎn)半徑3 Critical load 臨界荷載3 Slenderness ratio 長細比3 Bring out 使顯示、出版、生產(chǎn)、說出3 Twodimensional 二維的3 Dead load 恒載3 Live load 活載3 Statically determinate 靜定的3 Statically indeterminate 超靜定的3 Rigid joint 剛結(jié)點 Side sway 側(cè)移4 Braced frame 有支撐框架4 Unbraced frame 無有支撐框架4 Pinned connection鉸結(jié)4 Bolt connection 栓結(jié)4 Weld connection 焊結(jié)4 Real property 不動產(chǎn)4 Hard bid 競標 4 Designbuild bridging 設(shè)計建造過渡（紐帶）4 Cutting edge 最前線、尖端、最重要的位置50、 Cast insitu concrete 現(xiàn)澆混凝土5 Calcium carbonate 碳酸鈣5 Passivating