【導讀】Residualstress殘余應力Trial-and-errorapproach試算法。在許多情況下，構件同樣需要能夠抵抗彎矩，在這些情況下，構件被稱之為梁柱。---該構件的該臨界屈曲荷載就可以由公式Q給出。L/r這一比值是長細比，是受壓構件的長細的量度，細長的構件具有較大的值。如果構件更粗壯，如圖，要把構件到達不穩(wěn)定點，一個更大的荷載將被要求。例如，輪緣的尖部比輪緣的結合部以及中部冷卻的速度更快。這種不均勻冷卻引起的應力會。為非彈性屈曲計算的正確公式。這條復合曲線，被稱為柱強度曲線，完全描述了任何一個給定的材料柱的穩(wěn)定性。因為實際上不可能構建一個無摩擦銷連接，更不用說這個支撐條件至多只可以盡量近似。受壓構件是只承受軸向壓力的結構構件。公式，構件必須是彈性的并且其兩端必須能自由轉動但不能橫向移動。臨界荷載又是被稱為歐拉荷載或歐拉屈曲荷載。其他因素，想焊接和冷彎，都能影響殘余應力，但冷卻過程是殘余應力的主要來源。Otherfactors,suchaswelding(焊接)andcold-bending(冷彎)tocreatecurvature(曲率)in

　　

【正文】 ing(評 價 ) resulting(產生 ) settlements. 本章的其余大部分都用來詳細研究固結過程和估計其引起的沉降的方法。 (4) The radial extent(徑向伸長 ) of some tree root systems is greater than the height of the tree。 they may also reach depths of several meters. 一些樹根體系的徑向伸長比樹的高度更大，它們也可能達到數(shù)米深處。 (5)One of the most important soil properties in the context of foundation engineering is its pressibility 基礎工程方面最重要的土壤特性之一是它的壓縮。 (6)Terzaghi assumed that both the soil particles and the pore water are inpressible. Therefore, the magnitude of the settlement is related directly to the change in volume of the voids, and the rate of settlement in a saturated soil is governed by the rate pore water escapes from the voids. 太沙基假定土壤顆粒和孔隙水兩者都是不可壓縮的。因此，沉降的大小與孔洞的體積的變化有直接的關系，在飽和土中沉降的速率取決于孔隙水從孔洞的逸出速率。 (7)Soil is a particulate material, so its stressstrain properties are much more plex than those of other more familiar materials such as steel. 土壤是一種顆粒物質，所以其應力 應變性質的復雜性遠大于其他更熟悉的材料 ,如鋼材料。 (8)The process of consolidation is intimately tied with the buildup and dissipation of excess pore water pressures and the corresponding changes in effective stress. 固結過程是與超孔隙水壓力的形成和消散以及相應的有效應力的改變密切相關的。 (9)The test procedure and methods of correcting the test results to pensate for sample disturbance are described in Chapter 4. 修改實驗結果以彌補樣品干擾的試驗過程和方 法在第四章中描述。 Translate the following sentence into English. （ 1）不排水模量（ Eu）在某一深度處可假設為彈性模量，因而可用彈性理論進行沉降估算。 The untrained stiffness（ Eu） can be assumed as an elastic constant for a given depth and so estimates can be obtained using elastic theory. （ 2）本章的其余大部分都用來詳 細研究固結過程和估計其所引起的沉降的方法。 A large part of the remainder(剩余 ) of the chapter is devoted to(專注于 ) a detailed study of the consolidation process and to methods of assessing(評價 ) resulting(產生 ) settlements. （ 3）在有些巖石和土體中，地下水的運動可以溶解巖土體填充物中的膠結礦物。 In certain rocks and soils the mineral cement(礦物成分 ) in the matrix(基巖 ) may be dissolved(溶解 ) due to groundwater movement. （ 4）經常導致嚴重的、甚至是災難性建筑破壞的常見基礎位移與基礎旁的深孔開挖有關。 A mon form of foundation movement, often leading to serious, even catastrophic(災難性的 ), building failure is associated with(與有關 ) the excavation of deep holes alongside the foundation. （ 5）如上所訴，有些黏土含水量的降低將引起體積的減小，因此降低后的地下水位以上的土體會收縮。 In some clay, as discussed above, a decrease in moisture content will result in a decrease in volume. The soil above the reduced groundwater level may therefore shrink. Unite 8 Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English . （ 1） chemical position 化學成分 （ 6）應力 應變曲線 stressstrain curve （ 2） cold working 冷加工 （ 7）拉伸斷裂 tensile fracture （ 3） normal distribution curve 正態(tài)分布曲線 （ 8）熱處理 heat treatment （ 4） local damage 局部破壞 （ 9）反復荷載 repeated loads （ 5） brittle fracture 脆性破壞 （ 10）變幅應力循環(huán) variable amplitude stress cycle 脆性破壞的產生是由于在局部應力高度集中的區(qū)域存在或形成小裂縫。 (10)High local stresses facilitate crack initiation, and so stress concentrations due to poor geometry and loading arrangements (including impact loading) are dangerous. 高度局部應力促使裂縫的產生，因此由于差的幾何形狀和荷載布置 (包括沖擊載荷 )而產生的應力集中是危險的。 Translate the following sentence into English. (1)通常認為單向拉伸確定的屈服應力 Fy單向壓縮也正確。 The yield stress Fy determined for uniaxial tension is usually accepted as being valid for uniaxial pression. （ 2）顯著影響疲勞強度的因素有荷載循環(huán)次數(shù)、荷載循環(huán)中的應力幅以及局部應力集中的大小。 Factors which significantly influence the resistance to fatigue failure include the number of load cycles, the range of stress during a load cycle, and the magnitudes of local stress concentrations. （ 3）疲勞設計出考慮容許應力外還應考慮節(jié)點的位置。 Designing against fatigue involves a consideration of joint arrangement as well as of permissible stress. （ 4）結構鋼不總是表現(xiàn)出延性特性，在有些情況下，即使名義拉 應力很低，突然的、災難性的斷裂也會發(fā)生。 Structural steel does not always exhibit a ductile behavior, and under some circumstances sudden and catastrophic fracture may occur, even though the nominal tensile stresses are low. （ 5）結構剛的延性取決于鋼材的組成、熱處理方法和鋼材的厚度，并且隨溫度和應變率的變化而變化。 The ductility of a structural steel depends on its position, heat treatment, and thickness, and varies with temperature and strain rate.