【導(dǎo)讀】Residualstress殘余應(yīng)力Trial-and-errorapproach試算法。在許多情況下，構(gòu)件同樣需要能夠抵抗彎矩，在這些情況下，構(gòu)件被稱之為梁柱。---該構(gòu)件的該臨界屈曲荷載就可以由公式Q給出。L/r這一比值是長(zhǎng)細(xì)比，是受壓構(gòu)件的長(zhǎng)細(xì)的量度，細(xì)長(zhǎng)的構(gòu)件具有較大的值。如果構(gòu)件更粗壯，如圖，要把構(gòu)件到達(dá)不穩(wěn)定點(diǎn)，一個(gè)更大的荷載將被要求。例如，輪緣的尖部比輪緣的結(jié)合部以及中部冷卻的速度更快。這種不均勻冷卻引起的應(yīng)力會(huì)。為非彈性屈曲計(jì)算的正確公式。這條復(fù)合曲線，被稱為柱強(qiáng)度曲線，完全描述了任何一個(gè)給定的材料柱的穩(wěn)定性。因?yàn)閷?shí)際上不可能構(gòu)建一個(gè)無(wú)摩擦銷連接，更不用說這個(gè)支撐條件至多只可以盡量近似。受壓構(gòu)件是只承受軸向壓力的結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件。公式，構(gòu)件必須是彈性的并且其兩端必須能自由轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)但不能橫向移動(dòng)。臨界荷載又是被稱為歐拉荷載或歐拉屈曲荷載。其他因素，想焊接和冷彎，都能影響殘余應(yīng)力，但冷卻過程是殘余應(yīng)力的主要來源。Otherfactors,suchaswelding(焊接)andcold-bending(冷彎)tocreatecurvature(曲率)in

　　

【正文】 ing(評(píng) 價(jià) ) resulting(產(chǎn)生 ) settlements. 本章的其余大部分都用來詳細(xì)研究固結(jié)過程和估計(jì)其引起的沉降的方法。 (4) The radial extent(徑向伸長(zhǎng) ) of some tree root systems is greater than the height of the tree。 they may also reach depths of several meters. 一些樹根體系的徑向伸長(zhǎng)比樹的高度更大，它們也可能達(dá)到數(shù)米深處。 (5)One of the most important soil properties in the context of foundation engineering is its pressibility 基礎(chǔ)工程方面最重要的土壤特性之一是它的壓縮。 (6)Terzaghi assumed that both the soil particles and the pore water are inpressible. Therefore, the magnitude of the settlement is related directly to the change in volume of the voids, and the rate of settlement in a saturated soil is governed by the rate pore water escapes from the voids. 太沙基假定土壤顆粒和孔隙水兩者都是不可壓縮的。因此，沉降的大小與孔洞的體積的變化有直接的關(guān)系，在飽和土中沉降的速率取決于孔隙水從孔洞的逸出速率。 (7)Soil is a particulate material, so its stressstrain properties are much more plex than those of other more familiar materials such as steel. 土壤是一種顆粒物質(zhì)，所以其應(yīng)力 應(yīng)變性質(zhì)的復(fù)雜性遠(yuǎn)大于其他更熟悉的材料 ,如鋼材料。 (8)The process of consolidation is intimately tied with the buildup and dissipation of excess pore water pressures and the corresponding changes in effective stress. 固結(jié)過程是與超孔隙水壓力的形成和消散以及相應(yīng)的有效應(yīng)力的改變密切相關(guān)的。 (9)The test procedure and methods of correcting the test results to pensate for sample disturbance are described in Chapter 4. 修改實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果以彌補(bǔ)樣品干擾的試驗(yàn)過程和方 法在第四章中描述。 Translate the following sentence into English. （ 1）不排水模量（ Eu）在某一深度處可假設(shè)為彈性模量，因而可用彈性理論進(jìn)行沉降估算。 The untrained stiffness（ Eu） can be assumed as an elastic constant for a given depth and so estimates can be obtained using elastic theory. （ 2）本章的其余大部分都用來詳 細(xì)研究固結(jié)過程和估計(jì)其所引起的沉降的方法。 A large part of the remainder(剩余 ) of the chapter is devoted to(專注于 ) a detailed study of the consolidation process and to methods of assessing(評(píng)價(jià) ) resulting(產(chǎn)生 ) settlements. （ 3）在有些巖石和土體中，地下水的運(yùn)動(dòng)可以溶解巖土體填充物中的膠結(jié)礦物。 In certain rocks and soils the mineral cement(礦物成分 ) in the matrix(基巖 ) may be dissolved(溶解 ) due to groundwater movement. （ 4）經(jīng)常導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的、甚至是災(zāi)難性建筑破壞的常見基礎(chǔ)位移與基礎(chǔ)旁的深孔開挖有關(guān)。 A mon form of foundation movement, often leading to serious, even catastrophic(災(zāi)難性的 ), building failure is associated with(與有關(guān) ) the excavation of deep holes alongside the foundation. （ 5）如上所訴，有些黏土含水量的降低將引起體積的減小，因此降低后的地下水位以上的土體會(huì)收縮。 In some clay, as discussed above, a decrease in moisture content will result in a decrease in volume. The soil above the reduced groundwater level may therefore shrink. Unite 8 Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English . （ 1） chemical position 化學(xué)成分 （ 6）應(yīng)力 應(yīng)變曲線 stressstrain curve （ 2） cold working 冷加工 （ 7）拉伸斷裂 tensile fracture （ 3） normal distribution curve 正態(tài)分布曲線 （ 8）熱處理 heat treatment （ 4） local damage 局部破壞 （ 9）反復(fù)荷載 repeated loads （ 5） brittle fracture 脆性破壞 （ 10）變幅應(yīng)力循環(huán) variable amplitude stress cycle 脆性破壞的產(chǎn)生是由于在局部應(yīng)力高度集中的區(qū)域存在或形成小裂縫。 (10)High local stresses facilitate crack initiation, and so stress concentrations due to poor geometry and loading arrangements (including impact loading) are dangerous. 高度局部應(yīng)力促使裂縫的產(chǎn)生，因此由于差的幾何形狀和荷載布置 (包括沖擊載荷 )而產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)力集中是危險(xiǎn)的。 Translate the following sentence into English. (1)通常認(rèn)為單向拉伸確定的屈服應(yīng)力 Fy單向壓縮也正確。 The yield stress Fy determined for uniaxial tension is usually accepted as being valid for uniaxial pression. （ 2）顯著影響疲勞強(qiáng)度的因素有荷載循環(huán)次數(shù)、荷載循環(huán)中的應(yīng)力幅以及局部應(yīng)力集中的大小。 Factors which significantly influence the resistance to fatigue failure include the number of load cycles, the range of stress during a load cycle, and the magnitudes of local stress concentrations. （ 3）疲勞設(shè)計(jì)出考慮容許應(yīng)力外還應(yīng)考慮節(jié)點(diǎn)的位置。 Designing against fatigue involves a consideration of joint arrangement as well as of permissible stress. （ 4）結(jié)構(gòu)鋼不總是表現(xiàn)出延性特性，在有些情況下，即使名義拉 應(yīng)力很低，突然的、災(zāi)難性的斷裂也會(huì)發(fā)生。 Structural steel does not always exhibit a ductile behavior, and under some circumstances sudden and catastrophic fracture may occur, even though the nominal tensile stresses are low. （ 5）結(jié)構(gòu)剛的延性取決于鋼材的組成、熱處理方法和鋼材的厚度，并且隨溫度和應(yīng)變率的變化而變化。 The ductility of a structural steel depends on its position, heat treatment, and thickness, and varies with temperature and strain rate.