【正文】 分的圓度和表面加工質(zhì)量）以及是否使用密封或遮護(hù)裝置來(lái)決定。潤(rùn)滑劑的粘度必須認(rèn)真加以選擇，因?yàn)椴贿m宜的潤(rùn)滑劑會(huì)產(chǎn)生過(guò)大的扭矩，這在小型軸承中尤其如此。另外，不同的潤(rùn)滑劑的噪聲特性也不一樣。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，潤(rùn)滑脂產(chǎn)生的噪聲比潤(rùn)滑油大一些。因此，要根據(jù)不同的用途來(lái)選用潤(rùn)滑劑。在軸承轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中，如果內(nèi)圈和外圈之間存在一個(gè)隨機(jī)的偏心距，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生與凸輪運(yùn)動(dòng)非常相似的非重復(fù)性振擺（NRR） 。保持架的尺寸誤差和軸承圈與滾珠的偏心都會(huì)引起 NRR。和重復(fù)性振擺不同的是，NRR 是沒有辦法進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償?shù)摹Ｔ诠I(yè)中一般是根據(jù)具體的應(yīng)用來(lái)選擇不同類型和精度等級(jí)的軸承。例如，39當(dāng)要求振擺最小時(shí)，軸承的非重復(fù)性振擺不能超過(guò) 微米。同樣，機(jī)床主軸只能容許最小的振擺，以保證切削精度。因此在機(jī)床的應(yīng)用中應(yīng)該使用非重復(fù)性振擺較小的軸承。中頻噪聲的特征是軸承每旋轉(zhuǎn)一周不規(guī)則變化出現(xiàn) 10~60 次。這種缺陷是由在軸承圈和滾珠的磨削加工中出現(xiàn)的振動(dòng)引起的。軸承每旋轉(zhuǎn)一周高頻不規(guī)則變化出現(xiàn) 60~300 次，它表明軸承上存在著密集的振痕或大面積的粗糙不平。利用軸承的噪聲特性對(duì)軸承進(jìn)行分類，用戶除了可以確定大多數(shù)廠商所使用的 ABEC標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外，還可確定軸承的噪聲等級(jí)。ABEC 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)只定義了諸如孔、外徑、振擺等尺寸公差。隨著 ABEC 級(jí)別的增加（從 3 增到 9） ，公差逐漸變小。但 ABEC 等級(jí)并不能反映其他軸承特性，如軸承圈質(zhì)量、粗糙度、噪聲等因此，噪聲等級(jí)的劃分有助于工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的改進(jìn)。40附件 2：外文資料原文EXTENDING BEARING LIFEAbstract：Nature works hard to destroy bearings, but their chances of survival can be improved by following a few simple guidelines. Extreme neglect in a bearing leads to overheating and possibly seizure or, at worst, an explosion. But even a failed bearing leaves clues as to what went wrong. After a little detective work, action can be taken to avoid a repeat performance.Keywords: bearings failures lifeBearings fail for a number of reasons，but the most mon are misapplication，contamination，improper lubricant，shipping or handling damage，and misalignment. The problem is often not difficult to diagnose because a failed bearing usually leaves telltale signs about what went wrong．However，while a postmortem yields good information，it is better to avoid the process altogether by specifying the bearing correctly in The first place．To do this，it is useful to review the manufacturers sizing guidelines and operating characteristics for the selected bearing.Equally critical is a study of requirements for noise, torque, and runout, as well as possible exposure to contaminants, hostile liquids, and temperature extremes. This can provide further clues as to whether a bearing is right for a job.1 Why bearings failAbout 40% of ball bearing failures are caused by contamination from dust, dirt, shavings, and corrosion. Contamination also causes torque and noise problems, and is often the result of improper handling or the application environment．Fortunately, a bearing failure caused by environment or handling contamination is preventable，and a simple visual examination can easily identify the cause．Conducting a postmortem il1ustrates what to look for on a failed or failing bearing． Then，understanding the mechanism behind the failure, such as brinelling or fatigue, helps eliminate the source of the problem.41Brinelling is one type of bearing failure easily avoided by proper handing and assembly. It is characterized by indentations in the bearing raceway caused by shock loading－such as when a bearing is droppedor incorrect assembly. Brinelling usually occurs when loads exceed the material yield point(350,000 psi in SAE 52100 chrome steel)．It may also be caused by improper assembly, Which places a load across the races．Raceway dents also produce noise，vibration，and increased torque.A similar defect is a pattern of elliptical dents caused by balls vibrating between raceways while the bearing is not turning．This problem is called false brinelling. It occurs on equipment in transit or that vibrates when not in operation. In addition, debris created by false brinelling acts like an abrasive, further contaminating the bearing. Unlike brinelling, false binelling is often indicated by a reddish color from fretting corrosion in the lubricant.False brinelling is prevented by eliminating vibration sources and keeping the bearing well lubricated. Isolation pads on the equipment or a separate foundation may be required to reduce environmental vibration. Also a light preload on the bearing helps keep the balls and raceway in tight contact. Preloading also helps prevent false brinelling during transit.Seizures can be caused by a lack of internal clearance, improper lubrication, or excessive loading. Before seizing, excessive, friction and heat softens the bearing steel. Overheated bearings often change color，usually to blueblack or straw colored．Friction also causes stress in the retainer，which can break and hasten bearing failure．Premature material fatigue is caused by a high load or excessive preload．When these conditions are unavoidable，bearing life should be carefully calculated so that a maintenance scheme can be worked out．Another solution for fighting premature fatigue is changing material．When standard bearing materials，such as 440C or SAE 52100，do not guarantee sufficient life，specialty materials can be remended. In addition，when the problem is traced back to excessive loading，a higher capacity bearing or different configuration may be used．Creep is less mon than premature fatigue．In bearings．it is caused by excessive clearance between bore and shaft that allows the bore to rotate on the shaft．Creep can be expensive because it causes damage to other ponents in addition to the bearing．0ther more likely creep indicators are scratches，scuff marks，or discoloration to shaft and bore．To prevent creep damage，the bearing housing and shaft fittings should be visually checked．42Misalignment is related to creep in that it is mounting related．If races are misaligned or cocked．The balls track in a noncircumferencial path．The problem is incorrect mounting or tolerancing，or insufficient squareness of the bearing mounting site．Misalignment of more than 1/4can cause an early failure．Contaminated lubricant is often more difficult to detect than misalignment or creep．Contamination shows as premature wear．Solid contaminants bee an abrasive in the lubricant．In addition。insufficient lubrication between ball and retainer wears and weakens the retainer．In this situation，lubrication is critical if the retainer is a fully machined type．Ribbon or crown retainer