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畢業(yè)論文基于單片機(jī)的電子車速里程表的設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明-資料下載頁(yè)

2025-06-28 10:19本頁(yè)面
  

【正文】 es which could see its shadow. It is mainly part of the core ponents as the control. It is an online realtime control puter, online is onsite control, need to have strong antiinterference ability, low cost, and this is, and offline puter (such as home PC), the main difference. Single chip MCU is through running, and can be modified. Through different procedures to achieve different functions, in particular special unique features, this is another device much effort needs to be done, some are great efforts are very difficult to achieve. A not very plex functions if the 5039。s with the United States developed 74 series, or the 6039。s CD4000 series of these pure hardware buttoned, then the circuit must be a large PCB board! But if the United States if the 7039。s with a series of successful SCM market, the result will be a drastic change! Just because you are prepared by microputer programs can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability.As the microcontroller on the costsensitive, so now the dominant software or the lowest level assembly language, which is the lowest level in addition to more than binary machine code language, and as so low why is the use? Many highlevel language has reached the level of visual programming Why is not it? The reason is simply that there is no home puter as a single chip CPU, not as hard as a mass storage device. A visualization of small highlevel language program is only one button on it though, will reach tens of K in size! For the home PC hard drive in terms of nothing but speaking for the MCU is not acceptable. SCM in the utilization of hardware resources to be very high for the job so although the original is still in the pilation of a lot of use. The same token, if the giant puter operating system and applications run up get home PC, home PC, also bear not work. Can be said that the twentieth century across the three power era, that is, the age of electricity, the electronic age and has entered into the puter age. However, this puter, usually refers to the personal puter, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor and other ponents. Another type of puter, most people do not know how. This puter is to give all kinds of machinery, intelligent single chip (also known as microcontroller). As the name suggests, this puter system took only a minimal integrated circuit, can be a simple operation and control. Because it is small, usually in the charged with possession of mechanical stomach in. It is in the device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole plant was paralyzed. Now, this microcontroller has been very widely used in the field, such as smart meters, realtime industrial control, munications equipment, navigation systems, and household appliances. Once all kinds of products were using SCM, can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of products, often in the product name preceded by the adjective “intelligent”, such as intelligent washing machines. Now some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain products, not the circuit is too plicated, that function is too simple and can easily be copied. The reason may be stuck in the product did not use a microcontroller or other programmable logic device. 二、英文翻譯單片機(jī)單片機(jī)是一種集成在電路芯片,是采用超大規(guī)模集成電路技術(shù),把具有數(shù)據(jù)處理能力的中央處理器CPU、隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器RAM、只讀存儲(chǔ)器ROM、多種I/O口和中斷系統(tǒng)、定時(shí)器/計(jì)時(shí)器等功能(可能還包括顯示驅(qū)動(dòng)電路、脈寬調(diào)制電路、模擬多路轉(zhuǎn)換器、A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器等電路)集成到一塊硅片上,構(gòu)成的一個(gè)小而完善的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)。 單片機(jī)也被稱為微控制器(Microcontroller),是因?yàn)樗钤绫挥迷诠I(yè)控制領(lǐng)域。單片機(jī)由芯片內(nèi)僅有CPU的專用處理器發(fā)展而來(lái)。最早的設(shè)計(jì)理念是通過(guò)將大量外圍設(shè)備和CPU集成在一個(gè)芯片中,使計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)更小,更容易集成進(jìn)復(fù)雜的而對(duì)體積要求嚴(yán)格的控制設(shè)備當(dāng)中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照這種思想設(shè)計(jì)出的處理器,從此以后,單片機(jī)和專用處理器的發(fā)展便分道揚(yáng)鑣。 早期的單片機(jī)都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031,因?yàn)楹?jiǎn)單可靠而性能不錯(cuò)獲得了很大的好評(píng)。此后在8031上發(fā)展出了MCS51系列單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)。基于這一系統(tǒng)的單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)直到現(xiàn)在還在廣泛使用。隨著工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域要求的提高,開始出現(xiàn)了16位單片機(jī),但因?yàn)樾詢r(jià)比不理想并未得到很廣泛的應(yīng)用。90年代后隨著消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)品大發(fā)展,單片機(jī)技術(shù)得到了巨大提高。隨著INTEL i960系列特別是后來(lái)的ARM系列的廣泛應(yīng)用,32位單片機(jī)迅速取代16位單片機(jī)的高端地位,并且進(jìn)入主流市場(chǎng)。而傳統(tǒng)的8位單片機(jī)的性能也得到了飛速提高,處理能力比起80年代提高了數(shù)百倍。目前,高端的32位單片機(jī)主頻已經(jīng)超過(guò)300MHz,性能直追90年代中期的專用處理器,而普通的型號(hào)出廠價(jià)格跌落至1美元,最高端型號(hào)的也只要10美元。當(dāng)代單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)不再只在裸機(jī)環(huán)境下開發(fā)和使用,大量專用的嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)被廣泛應(yīng)用在全系列的單片機(jī)上。而在作為掌上電腦和手機(jī)核心處理的高端單片機(jī)甚至可以直接使用專用的Windows和Linux操作系統(tǒng)。 單片機(jī)比專用處理器更適合應(yīng)用于嵌入式系統(tǒng),因此它得到了最多的應(yīng)用。事實(shí)上單片機(jī)是世界上數(shù)量最多的計(jì)算機(jī)?,F(xiàn)代人類生活中所用的幾乎每件電子和機(jī)械產(chǎn)品中都會(huì)集成有單片機(jī)。手機(jī)、電話、計(jì)算器、家用電器、電子玩具、掌上電腦以及鼠標(biāo)等電腦配件中都配有12部單片機(jī)。而個(gè)人電腦中也會(huì)有為數(shù)不少的單片機(jī)在工作。汽車上一般配備40多部單片機(jī),復(fù)雜的工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)上甚至可能有數(shù)百臺(tái)單片機(jī)在同時(shí)工作。單片機(jī)的數(shù)量不僅遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)PC機(jī)和其他計(jì)算的總和,甚至比人類的數(shù)量還要多。 單片機(jī)又稱單片微控制器,它不是完成某一個(gè)邏輯功能的芯片,而是把一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)集成到一個(gè)芯片上。相當(dāng)于一個(gè)微型的計(jì)算機(jī),和計(jì)算機(jī)相比,單片機(jī)只缺少了I/O設(shè)備。概括的講:一塊芯片就成了一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)。它的體積小、質(zhì)量輕、價(jià)格便宜、為學(xué)習(xí)、應(yīng)用和開發(fā)提供了便利條件。同時(shí),學(xué)習(xí)使用單片機(jī)是了解計(jì)算機(jī)原理與結(jié)構(gòu)的最佳選擇。 單片機(jī)內(nèi)部也用和電腦功能類似的模塊,比如CPU,內(nèi)存,并行總線,還有和硬盤作用相同的存儲(chǔ)器件。不同的是它的這些部件性能都相對(duì)我們的家用電腦弱很多,不過(guò)價(jià)錢也是低的,一般不超過(guò)10美元,可用它來(lái)做一些控制電器,不是很復(fù)雜的工作足矣了。我們現(xiàn)在用的全自動(dòng)滾筒洗衣機(jī)、排煙罩、VCD等等的家電里面都可以看到它的身影。它主要是作為控制部分的核心部件。 它是一種在線式實(shí)時(shí)控制計(jì)算機(jī),在線式就是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)控制,需要的是有較強(qiáng)的抗干擾能力,較低的成本,這也是和離線式計(jì)算機(jī)的(比如家用PC)的主要區(qū)別。單片機(jī)是靠程序運(yùn)行的,并且可以修改。通過(guò)不同的程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)不同的功能,尤其是特殊的獨(dú)特的一些功能,這是別的器件需要費(fèi)很大力氣才能做到的,有些則是花大力氣也很難做到的。一個(gè)不是很復(fù)雜的功能要是用美國(guó)50年代開發(fā)的74系列,或者60年代的CD4000系列這些純硬件來(lái)搞定的話,電路一定是一塊大PCB板。但是如果要是用美國(guó)70年代成功投放市場(chǎng)的系列單片機(jī),結(jié)果就會(huì)有天壤之別。只因?yàn)閱纹瑱C(jī)的通過(guò)你編寫的程序可以實(shí)現(xiàn)高智能、高效率,以及高可靠性。 由于單片機(jī)對(duì)成本是敏感的,所以目前占統(tǒng)治地位的軟件還是最低級(jí)匯編語(yǔ)言,它是除了二進(jìn)制機(jī)器碼以上最低級(jí)的語(yǔ)言了,既然這么低級(jí)為什么還要用呢?很多高級(jí)的語(yǔ)言已經(jīng)達(dá)到了可視化編程的水平為什么不用呢?原因很簡(jiǎn)單,就是單片機(jī)沒有家用計(jì)算機(jī)那樣的CPU,也沒有像硬盤那樣的海量存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備。一個(gè)可視化高級(jí)語(yǔ)言編寫的小程序里面即使只有一個(gè)按鈕,也會(huì)達(dá)到幾十K的尺寸。對(duì)于家用PC的硬盤來(lái)講沒什么,可是對(duì)于單片機(jī)來(lái)講是不能接受的。 單片機(jī)在硬件資源方面的利用率必須很高才行,所以匯編雖然原始卻還是在大量使用。一樣的道理,如果把巨型計(jì)算機(jī)上的操作系統(tǒng)和應(yīng)用軟件拿到家用PC上來(lái)運(yùn)行,家用PC的也是承受不了的??梢哉f(shuō),二十世紀(jì)跨越了三個(gè)“電”的時(shí)代,即電氣時(shí)代、電子時(shí)代和現(xiàn)已進(jìn)入的電腦時(shí)代。不過(guò),這種電腦,通常是指?jìng)€(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī),簡(jiǎn)稱PC機(jī)。它由主機(jī)、鍵盤、顯示器等組成。還有一類計(jì)算機(jī),大多數(shù)人卻不怎么熟悉。這種計(jì)算機(jī)就是把智能賦予各種機(jī)械的單片機(jī)(亦稱微控制器)。顧名思義,這種計(jì)算機(jī)的最小系統(tǒng)只用了一片集成電路,即可進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單運(yùn)算和控制。因?yàn)樗w積小,通常都藏在被控機(jī)械的“肚子”里。它在整個(gè)裝置中,起著有如人類頭腦的作用,它出了毛病,整個(gè)裝置就癱瘓了?,F(xiàn)在,這種單片機(jī)的使用領(lǐng)域已十分廣泛,如智能儀表、實(shí)時(shí)工控、通訊設(shè)備、導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)、家用電器等。各種產(chǎn)品一旦用上了單片機(jī),就能起到使產(chǎn)品升級(jí)換代的功效,常在產(chǎn)品名稱前冠以形容詞——“智能型”,如智能型洗衣機(jī)等?,F(xiàn)在有些工廠的技術(shù)人員或其它業(yè)余電子開發(fā)者搞出來(lái)的某些產(chǎn)品,不是電路太復(fù)雜,就是功能太簡(jiǎn)單且極易被仿制。究其原因,可能就卡在產(chǎn)品未使用單片機(jī)或其它可編程邏輯器件上。三、電路圖 PCB圖 源程序/*************** *******/include include include include define PLUS_PER 50 define K //校準(zhǔn)系數(shù), 們1秒計(jì)算一次轉(zhuǎn)速 define L //設(shè)定車輪外周長(zhǎng)sbit pin_SpeedSenser = P3^4。 //
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