【正文】 for men. It is important for society that everyone be well educated and that they make an important work contribution over the course of their lives.不僅男孩而且女孩都應(yīng)該根據(jù)他們的能力得到訓(xùn)練，以從事對社會有用的，并能獲得報(bào)酬的工作或職業(yè)。能夠在長期以來是男性領(lǐng)地的工作中獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)的、社會的、心理的回報(bào)對女性非常重要。每個人都能夠接受良好的教育并且在他們的生命歷程中對所從事的工作做出重要的貢獻(xiàn)，這對社會非常重要。(2) Young people should grow up with the expectation that they will marry only once and for a lifetime and that they will have children. Reproduction is a fundamental purpose of life, and marriage is instrumental to its success. Today, close to 90percent of Americans actually marry, and about the same percentage of American women have children: Although these figures have been dropping, the social expectation in these respects is currently quite well realized. Lifetime monogamy is not so well realized, however, with the divorce rate now standing at over 50 percent. 我們期望年輕人在長大成人后只結(jié)一次婚，并且這場婚姻能持續(xù)一生，我們還期望他們生兒育女。生命繁衍是人生的根本目的，而婚姻對于這一目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)至關(guān)重要。當(dāng)前，接近90%的美國人確實(shí)結(jié)了婚，大約有相同比例的美國女性生育了孩子：雖然這些數(shù)字一直在下降，但是目前社會在這些方面的期望還是較好地得到了實(shí)現(xiàn)。然而由于當(dāng)前離婚率超過50%，社會對終生一夫一妻的期望就不如人意了。(3) Young adults should be encouraged to marry later in life than is mon now, with an average age at time of marriage in the late twenties or early thirties (the average ages currently are twentysix for men and twentyfour for women). Even later might be better for men, but better for men, but at older ages than this for women who want children, the “biological clock” bees a growing problem. 應(yīng)該鼓勵年輕人比現(xiàn)在的普遍年齡在晚一些，平均結(jié)婚年齡在30歲左右。甚至再晚一些對男性更好。但是如果超過這個年齡，對于想要小孩的女性來說，生物鐘問題將越來越突出。Form society’s viewpoint, the most important reason why people should be encouraged to marry relatively late in life is that they are more mature, they know better what they want in a mate, they are more established in their jobs or careers, and the men have begun to “settle down”, sexually (partly due to a biological diminution of their sex drive). Age at marriage has proven to be the single most important predictor of eventual divorce, with the highest divorce rates found among those who marry in their teenage years. But we must also recognize that both women and men want to have time, when they are young, to enjoy the many opportunities for personal expression and fulfillment that modern, affluent societies are able to provide. 從社會的角度看，鼓勵人們相對晚婚的最重要的上網(wǎng)理由是，那是他們更成熟，更明白想從自己另一半哪里得到什么，有更好的工作和事業(yè)基礎(chǔ)，而且男性性生活趨于平穩(wěn)。結(jié)婚年齡已經(jīng)被證明是能夠預(yù)測最終是否離婚的唯一的最重要的因素。離婚率最高的群體是那些十幾歲就結(jié)婚的年輕人。但是我們也必須承認(rèn)男性和女性都希望在年輕的時候有時間享有現(xiàn)在富有社會所提供的表達(dá)自我，實(shí)現(xiàn)自我的諸多機(jī)會。We should anticipate that many of these years of young adulthood will be spent in nonmarital cohabitation, an arrangement that often makes more sense than the alternatives to it, especially living along or continuing to live with one’s family of origin. I am not implying, much less advocating, sexual promiscuity here, but rather serious, caring relationships which may involve cohabitation. 我們應(yīng)該預(yù)料到成年初期的不少年頭將會在非婚同居中度過。比起其他選擇。特備是獨(dú)居胡喲這繼續(xù)生活在原來家里的，這是一個更加合乎常理的生活安排。我這里不是在暗示，更不是在倡導(dǎo)濫交，而是指嚴(yán)肅，相互關(guān)愛的，可能涉及同居的戀愛關(guān)系。(4)From the perspective of promoting eventual family life, however, the downside to late age of marriage is that people live for about a decade or more in a nonfamily, “singles” environment which reinforces their personal drive for expressive individualism and conceivably reduces their impulse toward carrying out eventual family obligations, thus making the transition to marriage and childrearing more difficult. To help overe the antifamily impact of these years, young unmarried adults should be encouraged to save a substantial portion of their ine for a “family fund” with an eye toward offsetting the temporary loss of the wife’s ine after marriage and childbirth. 然而，從促進(jìn)生活家庭的角度來看，結(jié)婚年齡大的缺點(diǎn)在于人們在10年或者更長的時間里生活在沒有家庭的單身漢環(huán)境中，這段經(jīng)歷會強(qiáng)化他們追求表現(xiàn)型個人主義傾向。社會減少他們履行最終家庭義務(wù)的愿望。從而使向婚姻和撫育小孩的國度更加困難。為了克服這些年形成的不利于家庭生活的影響，應(yīng)當(dāng)鼓勵年輕的未婚青年人將收入的大部分存起來作為家庭基金，一邊抵消在結(jié)婚和生育之后妻子暫時失去收入的損失。(5)Once children are born, wives should be encouraged to leave the labor market and bee substantially fulltime mothers for a period of at least a year to eighteen months per child. The reason for this is that motherreared infants appear to have distinct advantages over those reared apart from their mothers. It is desirable for children to have fulltime parenting up to at least age three, but after eighteen months—partly because children by then are more verbal—it is appropriate for fathers to bee the primary caretakers, and some men may wish wo avail themselves of the opportunity. At age three, there is no evidence that children in quality group care suffer any disadvantages (in fact, for most children there are significant advantages). Once children reach that age, therefore, the average mother could resume working parttime until the children are at least of school age, and preperably in their early to middle teen years, at which point she could resume work fulltime. Alternatively, when the children reach the age of three the father could stay home parttime, and the mother could resume work fulltime. 小孩出生以后，應(yīng)該鼓勵妻子離開勞動力市場，為每個孩子切實(shí)的做到至少到18個月的全職母親。這樣做的原因是母親哺育的嬰兒似乎比離開母親撫養(yǎng)的嬰兒有明顯的優(yōu)勢，至少在3歲之前兒童最好有母親全職照顧，但是18個月以后部分原因在于那是兒童語言表達(dá)能力更強(qiáng)可以讓父親承擔(dān)主要照料工作，而且有的男人也希望擁有這個機(jī)會，在3歲得時候，沒有證據(jù)顯示接收優(yōu)良集體照看的兒童有什么不利之處。因此，一旦兒童達(dá)到那個年紀(jì)，一般母親可以重新開始做兼職工作，一直到小孩至少達(dá)到入小學(xué)年齡。最好是13,14歲到15,16,17左右的時候。那時候母親可以重新開始做全職工作。或者正在小孩3歲的時候，父親可以做兼職工作，并在家照料孩子。而母親可以重新開始做全職工作。For women, this proposal is essentially the strategy known as “sequencing”. The main difficulty with it, as sociologist Phyllis Moen has noted,” is that childnurturing years are also the careernurturing years. What is lost in either case cannot be ‘made up’ at a later time.” Yet I would argue that it is possible to “make up” for career loss, but impossible to make up for childnurturing loss. To make it economically more possible for a family with young children to live on a single ine, we should institute (in addition to the “family fund”) what virtually every other industrialized society already has in place—parental leave and child allowance programs. And, to help pensate women for any jo