【正文】 called Intel publicly introduced the world39。s first single chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004 (. Patent 3,821,715), invented by Intel engineers Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and Stan Mazor. After the invention ofintegrated circuitsrevolutionized puter design, the only place to go was down in size that is. The Intel 4004 chip took the integrated circuit down one step further by placing all the parts that made a puter think (. central processing unit, memory, input and output controls) on one small chip. Programming intelligence into inanimate objects had now bee possible.The History of IntelIn 1968,Bob Noyce and Gordon Moorewere two unhappy engineers working for the Fairchild Semiconductor Company who decided to quit and create their own pany at a time when many Fairchild employees were leaving to create startups. People like Noyce and Moore were nicknamed the Fairchildren.Bob Noyce typed himself a one page idea of what he wanted to do with his new pany, and that was enough to convince San Francisco venture capitalist Art Rock to back Noyce39。s and Moore39。s new venture. Rock raised $ million dollars in less than 2 days.One Chip Does the Work of TwelveIn late 1969, a potential client from Japan called Busi, asked to have twelve custom chips designed. Separate chips for keyboard scanning, display control, printer control and other functions for a Busimanufactured calculator.Intel did not have the manpower for the job but they did have the brainpower to e up with a solution. Intel engineer, Ted Hoff decided that Intel could build one chip to do the work of twelve. Intel and Busi agreed and funded the new programmable, generalpurpose logic chip.Federico Faggin headed the design team along with Ted Hoff and Stan Mazor, who wrote the software for the new chip. Nine months later, a revolution was born. At 1/8th inch wide by 1/6th inch long and consisting of 2,300 MOS (metal oxide semiconductor)transistors, the baby chip had as much power as theENIAC, which had filled 3,000 cubic feet with 18,000 vacuum tubes.Cleverly, Intel decided to buy back the design and marketing rights to the 4004 from Busi for $60,000. The next year Busi went bankrupt, they never produced a product using the 4004. Intel followed a clever marketing plan to encourage the development of applications for the 4004 chip, leading to its widespread use within months.The Intel 4004 MicroprocessorThe 4004 was the world39。s first universal microprocessor. In the late 1960s, many scientists had discussed the possibility of a puter on a chip, but nearly everyone felt that integrated circuit technology was not yet ready to support such a chip. Intel39。s Ted Hoff felt differently。 he was the first person to recognize that the new silicongated MOS technology might make a singlechip CPU (central processing unit) possible.Hoff and the Intel team developed such an architecture with just over 2,300 transistors in an area of only 3 by 4 millimetres. With its 4bit CPU, mand register, decoder, decoding control, control monitoring of machine mands and interim register, the 4004 was one heck of a little invention. Today39。s 64bit microprocessors are still based on similar designs, and the microprocessor is still the most plex massproduced product ever with more than million transistors performing hundreds of millions of calculations each second numbers that are sure to be outdated fast.The single chip structureThe NVIDIA nForce media and munications processors (MCPs) deliver advanced technologies and unmatched performance to desktop, mobile, and professional systems, and continue the NVIDIA tradition of industryleading platform technology.185。Coupled with the NVIDIA Unified Driver Architecture (UDA), which ensures a stable software image for simplified deployment and upgrades in the enterprise, the featurerich NVIDIA MCP platforms deliver value without promising performance, and enable a new generation of highly efficient and scalable systems: Lowered latencies:The singlechip NVIDIA architecture provides an inherent performance advantage pared to dualchip implementations of the same functionality. In addition to overall latency reductions, the NVIDIA nForce MCP significantly boosts device throughput. An extremely fast dedicated HyperTransport link lets the NVIDIA MCPs municate with the CPU at up to , which ensures ample system bandwidth. This is especially beneficial when multiple devices are active, or for supporting highbandwidth devices. Design efficiency:The NVIDIA singlechip architecture uses micron process technology pared with the micron process used by existing solutions on the market today. This solution offers unmatched integration of features and functionality and results in: Simplified board layouts and more room for onboard features and addon chipsets. Lower power consumption and dissipated heat. Simplified inventory management and cost efficiencies. Advanced technology features:Builtin NVIDIA RAID technology delivers optimized disk performance through disk striping and fault tolerance through disk mirroring. Select versions of the NVIDIA nForce MCPs incorporate a native Gigabit Ethernet port TCP/IP acceleration. NVIDIA delivers the highest performance networking solution for desktops and workstations. In addition, NVIDIA nForce solutions offer support for the latest graphics processors.The NVIDIA nForce MCPs uphold NVIDIA’s traditions of reliability, stability, and patibility. Adherence to the Company’s standards for engineering excellence continues to ensure the success of a growing base of design partners building systems and solutions with AMD and NVIDIA technology.AVR single chipThe best example is AVR single core bines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in