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省略:What a nice present!(省略it is)How disappointed!(省略she is或其它可作本句主、謂的詞語)祈使句表示請求、命令、建議、邀請等,謂語動詞一律用原型,句子中通常不用主語,句末用驚嘆好或者句號,用降調(diào)?!锟隙ň洌簞釉~原型Come here, please.Go downstairs, please.Stand up.Sit down.Be quiet.Be careful.祈使句中如果有喚語,一定要用逗號隔開,放在句首或者句尾:Come in, Amy.Sit down here, Tom.Mary, give me a book please.★否定:Don39。t+動詞原型Don39。t e here.Don39。t sit down.Don39。t stand up.Don39。t give me it.let sb. do 讓某人做Let me pass.Let us have a rest.Let39。s have a rest.反意疑問:Let39。s have a walk along the river, shall we?Let us go out for a drink, will you?倒裝句:so/neither的倒裝eg: He can swim. So can I. I didn39。t go to class. Neither did I.結(jié)構(gòu): so/neither+be+ 主語 so/neither+助動詞+ 主語 so/neither+情態(tài)動詞+ 主語助動詞: 一般現(xiàn)在時: do, does/am, is, are 現(xiàn)在進行時: am, is, are 一般過去時: did 現(xiàn)在完成時: have, has 一般將來時: will, shall 過去進行時: was, were 過去完成時: had 過去將來時: would直接引語/間接引語如果引語的主句所用動詞為過去時,那么間接引語要做相應(yīng)變化:時態(tài),人稱,時間地點及指示詞1) 時態(tài)變化: 一般現(xiàn)在時——一般過去時 現(xiàn)在進行時——過去進行時 一般過去時——過去完成時 現(xiàn)在完成時——過去完成時 一般將來時——過去將來時 be going to——was/were going to/would cancould maymight2) 時間地點及指示詞的變化: herethere, tomorrowthe next day, the following day, thisthat…3) 人稱變化:根據(jù)句意改變?nèi)朔Q。4) 直接賓語/間接賓語 主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語 直接賓語是及物動詞的直接對象,間接賓語是及物動詞的動作所涉及的人或事務(wù),也可以說間接賓語表示動作是對誰做的,或者是為誰做的。所以間接賓語要用名詞或者賓格代詞來擔當?! e gives me a book.(me間接賓語,a book直接賓語) 直接賓語和間接賓語的位置調(diào)換時要加一個介詞to或for: 主語+及物動詞+直接賓語+介詞+間接賓語 Give me a book. = Give the book to me. Send him a letter. = Send a letter to him. Show him the new dress. = Show the new dress to him.1)代詞及be動詞 主格 I we you you she/he/it they 賓格 me us you you her/him/it them 代詞所有格 my our your your her/his/its their 名詞性代詞 mine ours yours yours hers/his/its theirs be動詞現(xiàn)在時 Am are are are is are be動詞過去時 was were were were was were2)名詞的復(fù)數(shù) 規(guī)則變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式 規(guī)則1 一般情況+s . shell→shells toy→toys 規(guī)則2 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾+es . fox→foxes church→churches 規(guī)則3 以o結(jié)尾s或+es . radio→radios potato→potatoes 規(guī)則4 以f, fe結(jié)尾的,變f, fe為ves . life→lives half→halves 規(guī)則5 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾, 變y為i+es . sky→skies study→studies3)動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式 規(guī)則1 一般情況+s . likelikes, looklooks 規(guī)則2 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾+es . dodoes, catchcatches 規(guī)則3 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾, 變y為i+es . carrycarries, flyflies4)動詞現(xiàn)在分詞 規(guī)則1 一般動詞加ing . looklooking, readreading, playplaying 規(guī)則2 以不發(fā)音的字母結(jié)尾的單詞去e加ing . makemaking, taketaking, arrivearriving 規(guī)則3 重讀閉音節(jié)詞結(jié)尾, 即單詞中只有一個元音字母,其后緊跟一個輔音字母的詞,雙寫輔音字母再加ing e. g. runrunning, sitsitting, getgetting, swimswimming, stopstopping5)動詞過去式 規(guī)則動詞變化 規(guī)則1 一般動詞加ed . looklooked, watchwatched, playplayed 規(guī)則2 以e結(jié)尾的加d . makemaked, arrivearrived 規(guī)則3 以輔音字母加結(jié)尾的變y為i加ed crycried, carrycarried 規(guī)則4 重讀閉音節(jié)詞結(jié)尾, 即單詞中只有一個元音字母,其后緊跟一個輔音字母的詞,雙寫輔音字母再加ed stopstopped 過去式的讀音 在清輔音后面(除外)讀/t/ . walked, jumped 在濁輔音和元音后讀/d/ . washed, watched 在/t/,/d/后讀/id/ . waited, hated6)形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級 比較級 規(guī)則1 一般加er . highhigher 規(guī)則2 以結(jié)尾加r nicenicer 規(guī)則3 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾,變y為i再加er busybusier 規(guī)則4 重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾, 雙寫輔音字母再加er fatfatter 最高級 規(guī)則1 一般加est . highhighest 規(guī)則2 以結(jié)尾加st nicenicet 規(guī)則3 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾,變y為i再加est busybusiest 規(guī)則4 重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾, 雙寫輔音字母再加est fatfattest7)常見縮寫: is=39。s I am=I39。m are=39。re is not=isn39。t /iznt/ are not=aren39。t /a:nt/ do not=don39。t does not=doesn39。t was=39。s did not=didn39。t can not=can39。t have=39。ve has=39。s have not=haven39。t has not=hasn39。t will=39。ll will not=won39。t shall not=shan39。t