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【正文】 thur LegendTo understand the “great misery of Britain” when there was no true king, students need knowledge of the warlike tribes attacking the Roman Empire, sacking Rome, and taking land. The Angles, Saxons, Huns, Vandals, Goths, and Franks split the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern sections. In this period of “Dark Ages,” beginning about AD 450, Britain had no king or emperor. The British Isles were in turmoil. The people longed for a leader to protect the poor and keep justice.By AD 476, many of the tribes had converted to Christianity and adopted the religion and customs of Rome. The Bishop of Rome (the Pope) had bee the most important Church official whose power extended beyond church affairs. European monks lived as hermits or in monasteries isolated from the world. But St. Benedict’s reforms encouraged monks to work together, to spread Christianity, and to help the poor. Benedictine rules influenced other types of monasteries and convents so that religion had a great impact on the daily life of people as well as the liturgy of the Church. Gregorian chant, beloved by Benedict, became the official music of theCatholic Church.With the advance of Christianity, the reverence for the Holy Grail, thought to be the cup used by Jesus at the Last Supper, and other relics spread across Europe. The Quest for the Holy Grail inspired hundreds of knights to search for heavenly objects that only the holy and pure could find. This spiritual journey can be better understood when students realize that in the middle ages earthly life was seen as a battle between heaven and hell. In this age of faith, belief in miracles prevailed, and witchcraft and magic were used to test truth and loyalty.In 800 ., Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor, the first emperor since 476. During his reign the empire expanded, Christianity spread, education and culture were encouraged, and munication and travel were improved.Feudalism, a social system based on loyalty, developed. Kings needed warriors to fight for them。 the warriors (vassals) needed land. The vassal swore to fight for the king, and the king pledged to protect his vassal. The feudal agreement was made in a church ceremony with the vassal paying homage to his king. The oath of fealty bound the king to his lords, the lords to their vassals, and the vassals to dukes and knights. This sacred oath was respected throughout Europe. If a vassal failed to serve his lord, he became an outlaw, persecuted by other lords.Knights of the Round Table lived by a code of chivalry built on courage, honor, and respect. In the fellowship of the Round Table, all were treated equally. Loyalty was owed to God and and love were seen as worth dying for. For students, knowledge of knighthood and tournament games provides the background for understanding the pageantry and celebrations at Camelot. Familiarity with heraldry helps them understand the tragedy of brother slaying brother when each carries a shield without his own device as in the case with Balan and Balin in Chapter four.10 / 10
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