【正文】
rthwest of China... across some of the highest mountains and the greatest rivers of Asia。【簡析】這句不應(yīng)該理解為“從東南走到中國的西北……越過一些最高山脈和亞洲最大的河流”,因為句子本身的意思已足以表明:of China顯然不僅修飾the northwest, 而且修飾the southeast;of Asia也是既修飾rivers又修飾mountains.【譯文】紅軍戰(zhàn)土從中國的東南走到西北……越過亞洲一些最高的山脈和最大的河流。【例14】Without gravity there would be no air and no sound of any kind.【簡析】本句中的定語of any kind只能理解為修飾sound,它不可能同時修飾air,這里的no air and no sound of any kind不是“多枝共干”式結(jié)構(gòu),因為“聲音”可以有各種各樣的聲音,而“空氣”只有一種,不能說“任何種類的空氣”?!咀g文】沒有地心引力,就沒有空氣,就沒有任何(種類的)聲音。除了上下文和句子意思外,有些語法特征,如定冠詞,名詞復(fù)數(shù),詞語的省略等,有時也有助于我們辨別某些詞語是否“多枝共干”式結(jié)構(gòu)?!纠?5】The first of these is the application of the machines, products and systems of applied knowledge that scientists and technologists develop.【簡析】這句中的定語從句that scientists and technologists develop究竟是只修飾systems of applied knowledge,還是也修飾machines和products,從上下文和全句的意思來看還難分辨,似乎兩種解釋都說得通。但這里machines前面的定冠詞the卻能幫助我們作出明確的判斷,因為定語從句所修飾的先行詞前面一般都用定冠詞。如果這個定語從句只修飾systems of applied knowledge, 在systems前面應(yīng)有個定冠詞the,而machines 和products前面倒不一定用the。所以這句中that引導(dǎo)的定語從句是修飾三個名詞,并且這樣理解完全符合上下文和全句的意思。例12的the working laws or principles of science,這里的定冠詞the 也有助于判斷定語短語of science既修飾principles也修飾laws,并且在下文中得到證實。【譯文】其中第一方面是使用科學(xué)家和技術(shù)專家研究出來的機器、產(chǎn)品和應(yīng)用知識體系?!纠?6】In 1945 he returned to his Paris museum and teaching posts.【簡析】本句中的museum很可能被誤解為和posts并列,共同作介詞to的賓語,這里的posts是復(fù)數(shù),有助于我們參照上下文和全句的意思斷定,museum在這里用作定語,修飾post,原文相當(dāng)于his Paris museum post and (his) teaching post,說明兩種不同種類的職務(wù)?!咀g文】1945年,他回到巴黎,仍在博物館任職,后又擔(dān)任教學(xué)工作?!纠?7】It is not that the action of the scales in the one case,and the balance in the other,differs in the principles of their construction or manner of working...【簡析】這句中的manner of working前面省略了介詞of (their),和of their construction共同修飾principles,如果不了解英語中這種常見的省略現(xiàn)象,就有可能誤把manner of working和principles 并列,理解成“……在結(jié)構(gòu)原理和工作方式上有什么差別”?!咀g文】這并不是某一情況下使用的秤,同另一情況下使用的天平在結(jié)構(gòu)原理和工作方式原理上有什么差別……?!纠?8】Few people knew of the existence of this painting until it was shown at an exhibition in l937 and bought shortly afterwards by the museum.【簡析】本句中的bought前面不僅省略了 it was ,而且省略了until,和前面的時間狀語從句until it was shown...并列共同修飾動詞knew?!咀g文】這幅畫在1937年畫展上展出(以前),接著不久為博物館收購以前,沒有多少人知道”。因此,介詞或連詞的省略,也可以說是英語幾個后置定語或狀語共同修飾一個名詞或動詞結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個重要特點。第六節(jié):倒裝句英語陳述句的正常詞序一般來說是:主語+謂語動詞+賓語(或表語)+狀語。但是英語的詞序比較靈活,有時從修辭角度考慮,有時為了強調(diào)句中某一成分,可將句中的有關(guān)成分提前。假如將表語或狀語放在句首,又把謂語動詞移至主語之前,這樣句中的詞序就變?yōu)椋罕碚Z或狀語+謂語動詞+主語,它和正常的詞序完全顛倒。凡是主語和謂語動詞詞序顛倒的句子叫作倒裝句??佳须y點—般在修辭倒裝:修辭倒裝主要是為了強調(diào).—種是強調(diào)句子的表達重心。一種是強調(diào)—種表達語氣.比如命令語氣、假設(shè)語氣(虛擬語氣的倒裝屬于此類)、疑問語氣和否定語氣:這些倒裝常和一些連詞或者副詞(如nor, so, only, never, until等)密切相關(guān)。 對于考研的考生來說,理解倒裝句的關(guān)鍵在于作出正確的語法分析。既然是倒裝句,句中的主語不在句首即在謂語動詞后面,因此首先要找出倒裝句中的主語,其次是找出謂語動詞,然后就較容易確定句中的其他成分,這樣理解就不好錯誤。如果理解正確了,做題也就不會錯。閱讀理解短文中出現(xiàn)的長句倒裝主要有以下幾種情況:I.主語太長,避免頭重腳輕而倒裝如果主語過長或主語結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,往往將表語置于句首,采用倒裝語序,以使句子保持平衡【例1】 In this class are ads that suggest that the product will satisfy some basic human desires. 【簡析】本句的主語是:ads that suggest that the product will satisfy some basic human desires其中含一個定語從句,定語從句中又含一個賓語從句. 因為太長,所以放在句子末尾。 【譯文】屬于這一類的廣告具有的特點是,它們暗示所推薦的產(chǎn)品能滿足人類的某些基本欲望?!纠?】Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional petition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.【簡析】本句中,主語部分從the picture開始,一直到句子末尾,【譯文】隨著人口在東北部和中西部近乎停止增長,地區(qū)性競爭愈演愈烈:這就是1980年的人口普查所顯示出來的國家情況?!纠?】 Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.【簡析】本句中,主語中關(guān)鍵詞是the development of technologies,由于主語后面接一定語從句太長,所以放在謂語后面?!咀g文】與日益增加的信息量相提并論的是使以下情況得以實現(xiàn)的技術(shù)的發(fā)展,即空前快速的儲存和傳送更多的信息到更多的地方?!纠?】 “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities”, says a law professor at Cornell School who helped draft the new guidelines.【簡析】 本句中主語是a law professor后面接一個介詞短語和一個定語從句,比謂語長的很多,因此被后置?!咀g文】康奈爾法學(xué)院的一位曾幫助起草新方針的法學(xué)教授說:“重要的信息可能會淹沒在無關(guān)緊要的信息的海洋中?!盜I. 語言結(jié)構(gòu)要求倒裝考研英語中,一些語法結(jié)構(gòu)要求句子倒裝主要有以下幾種情況。1)帶有連詞nor,neither,so等放在句首,句中的主語與謂語動詞的詞序必須顛倒。 2)在方式狀語和讓步狀語從句中,使用連詞as, 或者though時,從句的主語和謂語有時要倒裝。3)在非真實條件句中,條件從句中的if省略時,had, were, should須與主語倒裝。4)句首為否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語時,常用部分倒裝?!纠?】Not only was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor national contests. 【簡析】there be句型本來就是倒裝句,there是形式主語,但否定詞在句首后,there be變成了be there。 【譯文】不僅僅有謀殺運動員的悲慘事件發(fā)生,還有損壞奧運會名譽的小事件發(fā)生。【例6】And so it doesand all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate. 【簡析】would be well是虛擬語氣的主句,were reason the only judge …是非真實的虛擬條件從句,省略了if, 成了倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),如果不倒裝,應(yīng)該說成if reason were the only judge;此外,so it does也是一個倒裝句。【譯文】的確如此——如果理性是神造論和進化論之爭的惟一裁判,一切問題就早已解決了。【例7】For example, they do not pensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.【簡析】本句中had he grown up相當(dāng)于if he had grown up【譯文】例如,它們(指測試)并不彌補社會的不公,因此不能說明一個貧困青年,要是在比較有利的境況下長大,會有多大的才干。【例8】Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.【簡析】本句中Much as I have traveled相當(dāng)于Although I have traveled much. 【譯文】我雖然見多識廣,但還從未見過比她細心的人,不管職業(yè)是什么。【例9】Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequences of some respected ideas in elementaryparticle physics, and some astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.【簡析】Odd though it sounds 是一個讓步狀語從句,如果不倒裝,應(yīng)該是:Though it sounds odd, 【譯文】宇宙膨脹學(xué)盡管聽似奇特,但它是由基本粒子物理學(xué)中的一些公認理論推論出來,從科學(xué)角度看有其可信度,而且許多天體物理學(xué)家七八年來一直確信這一論說是正確的。 【例10】Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.【簡析】本句句首是一個否定副詞nowhere,因此句子主謂要倒裝?!咀g文】1980年哪里的人口普查統(tǒng)計資料也不如遠西地區(qū)的更能生動地說明美國人對寬敞的生活環(huán)境的追求。【例11】Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its childbearing years.【簡析】本句中第二個分句以連詞so開始,所以第二個分句的主謂要倒裝?!咀g文】不間斷的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且隨著昔日在“生育高峰期”出生的